Laemmli buffer, also referred to as SDS-reducing buffer, is added to each of the samples. It is a blue solution and the recipe for 2X Laemmli buffer is: 0.125 M Tris HCl, pH 6.8, 20% glycerol, 4% SDS and 10% β-mercaptoethanol (βME). What is the purpose of each of these ingredients?

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