List two or three factors that make it advantageous for peptide hor- mones to be synthesized as inactive prohormones that are activated by proteolytic cleavage.
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- Signals carried by hormones must eventually be terminated. Describe several different mechanisms for signal termination.Provide annotated structure image/diagram of the EPH RECEPTOR B2 (EPHB2). Giving the ligand bidning sites.In many breast cancers, ER (alpha) activation by estrogens is generally considered responsible for enhanced proliferation, whereas that is counteracted by the presence of ER (beta),which exerts an antiproliferative effect. Please devise a strategy targeting both receptors for the treatment of this disease.
- In response to nitric oxide signaling in the male genitalia, GTP is cyclized to produce 3’-5’ cyclic GMP (cGMP): cGMP stimulates vasodilation and produces an erection. Viagra (Sildenafil) is a selective inhibitor of cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is responsible for degradation of cGMP. Based on this information, do you expect that Viagra can produce a spontaneous erection in the absence of a stimulus? Provide a short (one sentence) rationale for your answerIdentify the two general functions of the proteins encoded bytumor-suppressor genes.The two major types of cell-surface receptors that bind tohormone molecules are G-protein linked receptors and_____________________.
- Which phase are initially inhibited by Sic1.Phosphorylation marks Sic1 for ubiquitinylation by theSCF ubiquitin-protein ligase and proteosomal degradation,releasing activated S phase CDKs that trigger onset of theS phaseExplain why in cells that are genetically NF1–/–, basal levels of GTP-bound activated Ras are higher than normal and respond to growth factor stimulation by increasing rapidly to far higher levels.Explain how mutations in the following proteins might result in either loss of responsiveness to a given hormone or production of a continuous signal even in the absence of the hormone: a mutation in the regulatory (R) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, making R incapable of binding to the catalytic (C) subunit
- Herceptin is an antibody that is used to treat certain forms of breast cancer by binding to a class of estrogen receptors. What is the basis for its effectiveness in treating certain forms of breast cancer?Why the physiology of the HGFs is very complex?Three membrane receptor proteins bind tightly to a hormone. Based on the data in the table below, (a) what is the Kd for hormone binding byprotein 2? (Include appropriate units.) (b) Which of these proteins binds most tightly to this hormone?
