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- Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a water-soluble signalingmolecule. Would you expect the receptor for NGF to beintracellular or in the plasma membrane? Why?Two proteins have exactly the same amino acid sequence. Protein A is able to bind with high affinity to a cellular receptor, while Protein B cannot bind to the receptor under identical conditions. In 3-4 sentences explain, provide an explanation why two proteins with the same primary sequence could have very different abilities to bind a receptor.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) is a molecule that can act as anallosteric activator of kinase enzymes inside of the cytoplasm. Describehow CAMP molecules affect kinase enzymes?
- The amino acid sequence Leu-His-Arg-Leu-Asp-Ala-Gln-SerLys-Leu-Ser-Ser is a signal sequence that directs proteinstowards the endoplasmic reticulum, say if it is true or false if it is false justify it.An SH2-containing protein contains a mutation that changes its binding pocket such that tyrosine and phosphotyrosine bind with equal affinity. As a result, MEK activity: does not change with receptor dimerization and transautophosphorylation decreases due to changes in Raf activation increases with ligand binding-induced dimerization decreases due to allosteric inhibition of SH2-domain bindingYou expressed G-protein coupled receptor T (GPCR T) and reconstituted the receptor in a synthetic phospholipid bilayer. The GPCR is activated by a ligand X, sketch the signaling pathway assuming all the necessary proteins are present.
- Continuous exposure of a Gαs protein coupled receptor to its ligand leads to a phenomenon known as desensitization. Describe several molecular mechanisms for receptor desensitization. How can a receptor be reset to its original sensitized state? What effect would a mutant receptor lacking serine or threonine phosphorylation sites have on a cell?FasL (in a somatic cell ) interaction with Fas receptor in ( an immune cell) will lead to ............ of the immune cell.Many malignant tumors are characterized by the activation of one or more growth-factor receptors. What is the catalytic activity associated with transmembrane growth factor receptors such as the EGF receptor?
- In contrast to their similar brain abnormalities,newborn mice deficient in Apaf1 or caspase-9 have dis-tinctive abnormalities in their paws. Apaf1-deficient micefail to eliminate the webs between their developing digits,whereas caspase-9-deficient mice have normally formeddigits (Figure Q18–1). If Apaf1 and caspase-9 function inthe same apoptotic pathway, how is it possible for thesedeficient mice to differ in web-cell apoptosis?Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein’s alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change? More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. Less severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. No allergic response. No change compared to normal G-protein signaling.Figure 9.8 HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is permanently activated, resulting in unregulated cell division. Lapatinib, a drug used to treat breast cancer, inhibits HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation (the process by which the receptor adds phosphates onto itself), thus reducing tumor growth by 50 percent. Besides autophosphorylation, which of the following steps would be inhibited by Lapatinib? Signaling molecule binding, dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. Dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. The downstream cellular response. Phosphatase activity, dimerization, and the downsteam cellular response.
