List the three 'effector' signaling pathways activated by the Ras protein.

Q: Describe how the signal transduction pathway leads to activation of MAPKinase or Akt/PKB?

A: Answer: Introduction: Signal transduction is the mechanism by that a biochemical or physical signal…

Q: Describe four mechanisms that result in the generation ofantigen receptor diversity.

A: Antibodies are the antigen-binding glycoproteins that are synthesized exclusively by B- cells and in…

Q: What two substrates does the protein kinase MAPKKK have? MAPKK and Ras-GTP АТР and MAРКК МАРКК and…

A: MAPKKK is involved in the protein cascade during cell signalling.

Q: When Ras is activated, cells will divide. A dominant-negative form of Ras clings too tightly to GDP.…

A: The activation of Ras takes place along the guanine nucleotide exchange which by releasing the bound…

Q: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKS) .. O a) often mediate pathways involving cell growth and…

A: RTKs are the membrane-bound receptors present in the cells. The role of RTK is phosphorylating the…

Q: Which of the following would most likely mimic Rb loss? Rb mutant where the phosphosites are mutated…

A: Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. Loss of function mutation in Rb gene leads to the retinoblastoma and…

Q: If some cell-surface receptors, including Notch, can rapidly signal to the nucleus by activating…

A: The biological cells are a hub of metabolic activities. These cells interact among themselves to…

Q: Why do signals indicating damage to cells result in increase in the expression of p21Cip1?

A: Cell cycle progression is tightly controlled by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), the…

Q: Part of the Ras protein is associated with the plasma membrane, and part extends into the cytoplasm.…

A: Ras are a family of small GTPases that are involved in signal transduction part of the cell…

Q: Briefly describe the following properties of the Ras GTPases: a) Size, structure and cellular…

A: a) Mature ras protein are located on the inner side of the plasma membrane, and their biochemical…

Q: Using CREB and nuclear receptors as examples,compare and contrast the structural changes that…

A: Transcription factors are defined as the protein responsible for controlling the transcription rate…

Q: How gene expression is regulated by Ras mediated MAPK pathway?

A: If all the genes in a cell would be expressed, then the protein would accumulate in the cell and the…

Q: If a cell expresses a dominant-negative tyrosine-kinase-linked receptor (RTK) that lacks the kinase…

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are enzyme-linked receptors localized at the plasma membrane…

Q: In a normal cell, micro-RNA (mIR-433) acts to regulate ras - what would happen to a cell if there…

A: Normal DNA contains a particular sequence of DNA. If the sequence of DNA is changed due to external…

Q: GEF (guanine nucleotide-exchange factor) and GAP (GTPase activating protein) are two regulating…

A: The signal-transduction protein is a protein that plays a role in signalling. Ras belongs to the…

Q: GAP protien mutation from Arg 789 to alanine constituvely activate the MAPK pathway by preventing…

A: Cell growth and cell division are essential for the development of an organism. A cell before any…

Q: What are  ras Proto-oncogenes ?

A: Ras Proto-oncogenes - Ras is an example of a proto-oncogene. Here we will know about the Ras…

Q: Ras proteins are activated when they a. bind GTP. b. release GTP. c. bind GDP. d. undergo…

A: Cells pass through cell cycle under the influence of external or internal signals. External signals…

Q: The NF-κB signaling pathway, an important pathway in immune response and inflammation, is shown in…

A: Signaling pathway, is a series of chemical reactions that occur within a biological cell when…

Q: What is the effect of supper repressor (lacI^s) mutations?

A: Lac operon is a transcriptionally regulated system in E.coli which enables the bacteria to utilize…

Q: The use of an SH2 domain binding inhibitor would be predicted to: O Decrease binding of SOS with RAS…

A: In the cellular response, the SRC homology (SH2) 2 domain is considered as the protein, which is…

Q: Which of the following are characteristics of “small” monomeric Ras GTPases?     A. Membrane…

A: Answer : The correct option is C because, RAS protein  RAS proteins are small group of GTPase which…

Q: A mutation in Ras that prevents Ras from hydrolyzing GTP. Would cause? Why? A. Increased…

A: To produce many diploid cell progeny, cell proliferation is achieved by combining cell growth with…

Q: When activated by ligand binding, the PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) receptor becomes…

A: The SH2 domains of cytoplasmic signaling proteins bind to autophosphorylated  growth factor…

Q: We have studied Ras signal transduction pathway. In an experiment,  two different mutations were…

A: The cell proliferation depends on specific signalling processes that ultimately trigger some…

Q: propose three festurs of a model to connect the genetic mutation you oredicted with the activity of…

A: Introduction: An adjustment in a sequence of DNA is known as mutation. Mutations can result from DNA…

Q: Describe the relationships between Ras, Jun, and Fos.

A: Transcription factors can be defined as the sequence-specific DNA binding factor which performs its…

Q: The egfr kinase independent transactivation of the ras pathway does require egfr. Explain this…

A: EGFR is a cell surface receptor that binds to certain growth factors and sends signals to the cell's…

Q: The output of RTK pathways is often the activation of MAP Kinase. Explain how MAPK can lead to…

A: There are many intercellular signaling pathways processing in the cells. RTK pathway is a…

Q: Order the listed proteins in the correct order so that cell proliferation is activated as the…

A: HGF stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis via tyrosine phosphorylation.…

Q: GAP protein helps hydrolyze the GTP to GDP in RAS protein. Argenine 789 residue in GAP protein…

A: Hi! Thank you for the question. As you have posted a question with multiple subparts, I would be…

Q: Discuss the family of nuclear hormone receptors and explain how ligand binding to such a receptor…

A: The structure of ligand receptor complex allows it to recruit co activators. When the ligand bind to…

Q: Which of these BEST describes how the signal is transduced from the EGF receptor to the Ras protein?…

A: Signal transduction also known as cell signaling is a process in which signals in the form of…

Q: List two different ways in which trans-acting small RNAs(sRNAs) regulate the expression of target…

A: Trans-acting small RNAs or ta-siRNA are a class of siRNA that is responsible for repressing gene…

Q: Explain how GEF and GAP activate and deactivate RAS, respectively.

A: GEFs and GAPs are multidomain proteins that are regulated by extracellular signals and localized…

Q: Discuss genetic evidence that lacI encodes an allostericrepressor protein that binds the operator…

A: Lactose operon is also called as lac operon. The operon required for the transport and metabolism of…

Q: The Iron Response Factor (IRF) protein regulates production of both the iron transport protein…

A: Iron regulating factor (IRF) is a cytoplasmic protein that detects intracellular iron levels and…

Q: Cyclic-AMP stimulates which of the following? a) PKA b) PKC c) Ras d) RTK

A: Substances that convert extracellular signals received by cell surface receptors to intracellular…

Q: Tumor cells from a person with leukemia have been analyzed to determine which oncogene is involved…

A: Receptors are proteins which can be present in the cell membrane or in the nucleus. There are three…

Q: Discuss the two mechanisms that result in the termination of transcription - How do they differ and…

A: Transcription is a process in which RNA is synthesized with the help of the template strand of DNA…

Q: What is the structural difference between normal EGFR and oncogenic receptor, e.g. ERbB? How does it…

A: ErbB is a group of proteins which contains four receptor tyrosine kinases linked to the structure of…

Q: ts that work by altering responses

A: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), can be defined…

Q: which is the case only in the context of a robust gene regulator network that maintains the…

A: Genes are the functional unit of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). They contain instructions for protein…

Q: How is the Ras protein activated and inactivated?

A: Ras proteins are defined as the regulators for the process of signal transduction. These proteins…

Q: a change that decreases the rate of hydrolysis of GTP by Ras a change that increases the affinity of…

A: Ras is a protein whose mutation is linked to the cancer. It is in the inactive form when it is GDP…

Gene Interactions

When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.

Gene Expression

Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.