Malate transport from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol is used in human cells to increase cytosolic NADH levels under conditions when gluconeogenesis is favored True O False
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- ______________ transfers carnitine from mitochondrial matrix to cytoplasm during the transport of fatty acid to mitochondria. Carnitine acyltransferase I CarnitineacyltransferaseII Transaminase Translocase Citric acid shuttleGluconeogenesis is a process that synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrateprecursors, which requires oxaloacetate as intermediates. The generation ofoxaloacetate only occurs in the mitochondria. For the species that has PEPCK inthe cytosol, briefly explain, with illustration, how oxaloacetate is transported out of the mitochondria to be used in gluconeogenesis.Urea formation is energetically expensive, requiring theexpenditure of 4 mol of ATP per mole of urea formed.However, NADH is produced when fumarate is reconvertedto aspartate. How many ATP molecules are produced bythe mitochondrial oxidation of the NADH? What is the netATP requirement for urea synthesis?
- Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: Present two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion.In the mitochondrial disease MNGIE a deficiency of thymidine phosphorylase causes dTTP to accumulate in mitochondria. Describe the mechanism by which this occurs. A secondary effect is depletion of mitochondrial dCTP pools. Describe a plausible mechanism for this effect.The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) normally resides in the cytosol, andDHFR can be imported into mitochondria by appending a mitochondrial signalsequence. However, when this modified DHFR is incubated with methotrexate, whichis a substrate analog that binds tightly to the active site, the modified DHFR is nolonger imported.a) Propose an explanation for why methotrexate prevents import of DHFR intomitochondria.b) Suppose that DHFR were modified instead by appending a nuclear localizationsignal. Would you expect methotrexate to prevent transport of this modified DHFRinto the nucleus? Why or why not?
- Many metabolites are transported either actively or passively across mitochondrial outerand inner membrane, like metabolites involved in urea cycle.(A) Besides the metabolites involved in urea cycle, name other metabolites that aretransported across the mitochondrial membranes and explain the biological importancefor transporting those metabolites (B) Mice fed with amphipathic chemical W, K and V were found to lose body weight. It wassuspected that W and K affected mitochondrial functions. The amount of foodconsumed by the mice was consistent throughout the experiment.i. When mice were fed with W, all mitochondrial proteins were function properly. Howdid W induce body weight loss? ii. When mice were fed with K, less complex III and IV were reduced in the electrontransport chains. Other mitochondrial proteins were function properly. How did Kinduce body weight loss? iii. When mice were fed with V, adenosine monophosphates (AMPs) were accumulated incytosol and mitochondria while no…Acetyl-CoA is manufactured in the mitochondria and usedin the cytoplasm to synthesize fatty acids. However, acetylCoA cannot penetrate the mitochondrial membrane. How isthis problem solved?Provide an explanation for the intracellular separation offatty acid metabolic processes (i.e., fatty acid biosynthesisin cytoplasm and degradation in mitochondria andperoxisomes).
- Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids is a major source of ATP, yet fatty acids can be oxidized elsewhere. What organelle, besides the mitochondrion, can oxidize fatty acids? What is the fundamental difference between oxidation oc- curring in this organelle and mitochondrial oxidation?The inner mitochondrial membrane exhibits all of the fundamental characteristics of a typical cell membrane, but it also has several unique characteristics that are closely associated with its role in oxidative phosphorylation. What are these unique characteristics? How does each contribute to the function of the inner membrane?In the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+ . Explain how this could cause weight loss and death.