Muscle glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme that provides glucose to the muscle for energy production, gives the following activity. The middle curve shows activity with no AMP or ATP present. The other curves show either AMP or AMP + ATP as labeled. Based on this, AMP is a(n) [Select] of glycogen phosphorylase and ATP is a(n) [Select] V 1 mM AMP of glycogen phosphorylase. 1 mM AMP + 1 mM ATP [S]
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- phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and represents the key control point in mammalian glycolysis. The enzyme is a homotetramer that is inhibited by ATP binding, activated by AMP binding, negatively regulated by phosphorylation, and competitively inhibited by 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-1,6-diphosphate. (a) Would you expect a plot of the initial rate of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate formation as a function of substrate concentration to show a sigmoidal or hyperbolic curve? (b) How would each of the regulators above affect the dynamics of the T state to R state equilibrium of phosphofructokinase? Briefly explain your reasoning. (c) If it were possible to isolate phosphofructokinase monomers in an active form, how would you expect the kinetics in (a) to be affected? How would the rate of the reaction be affected by ATP, AMP, and 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-1,6-diphosphate? Briefly explain your answers.What is the rationale for the inhibition of muscle glycogen phosphorylase by glucose 6- phosphate when glucose 1- phosphate is the product of the phosphorylase reaction?The following are the negative regulators of phosphofructokinase except Select one: a. AMP +b. H c. Citrate d. ATP
- The malate–aspartate shuttle yields about2.5 moles of ATP for each mole of cytosolic NADH. Why doesnature use the glycerol–phosphate shuttle, which yields only about1.5 moles of ATP?Myristoleic acid is a monounsaturated fatty acid found in small amounts in a variety of foods. Calculate the net ATP yield from the complete β-oxidation of myristoleic acid. The formula of myristoleic acid is shown below (it is assumed that the total ATP production is the same for both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids having the same carbon chain length). CH3-(CH2)3-CHCH-(CH2)7-COOH (Given: The oxidation of one NADH yields 2.5 ATP; the oxidation of one FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP; and the oxidation of one acetyl CoA yields 10 ATP. ) Group of answer choices a. 96 ATP b. 92 ATP c. 94 ATP d. 34 ATP e. 36 ATPIntramitochondrial ATP concentrations are about 5 mM, and phosphate concentration is about 10 mM. If ADP is five times more abundant than AMP,calculate the molar concentrations of ADP and AMP at an energy charge of 0.85. Calculate ∆G for ATP hydrolysis at 37 °C under these conditions.The energy charge is the concentration of ATP plus half the concentration of ADP divided by the total adenine nucleotide concentration.
- The nerve gas sarin acts as a poison by covalently bonding to a hydroxyl group in the active site of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This binding results in a higher-than-normal amount of acetylcholine at a nerve synapse, resulting in muscle spasms. From this description, would you expect sarin to be a competitive, noncompetitive, or irreversible inhibitor? noncompetitive inhibitor irreversible inhibitor competitive inhibitorRegarding phosphofructokinase, which of the following statements is true: a. Low [ATP] stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits. b. High [ATP] stimulates the enzyme, but fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits. c. The enzyme is more active at low [ATP] than at high, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates the enzyme. d. High [ATP] stimulates the enzyme, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate activates.If glucokinase has a higher Km for glucose than does hexokinase, but can only bind to D-glucose, while hexokinase can bind to several hexose sugars (like D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-fructose), then: glucokinase has both a higher affinity and a higher specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase glucokinase has both a lower affinity and a lower specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase glucokinase has a higher affinity but a lower specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase glucokinase has a lower affinity but a higher specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase all of the above
- Consider ten glucose molecules that enter a cell. How many ATP can be generated by the complete catabolism of these into CO2 and H2O? If all ten are first incorporated into glycogen, liberated from glycogen, and then fully catabolized into CO2 and H2O, does the ATP tally increase, decrease or stay the same? Consider that 1 UTP = 1 ATP. Explain. Describe the processes which produce ATP and provide a balanced equation of glucose, CO2, H2O and O2Aspartate transcarbamoylase, which is necessary for CTP production, is an essential enzyme for the human body. In the below graph, which line represents the rate of the reaction catalyzes by Aspartate transcarbamoylase? Explain.What should be the net yield of ATP in glycolysis when endogenous glycogen is used? Give answer as a numeric value.