Now evaluate the null hypothesis that the population means for all treatments are equal. At a significance level of a = 0.05, the null hypothesis is .You find that you conclude that the direction that the stroller faces influences a child's expressive vocabulary at 36 months. Now you decide to use a t test to test the hypothesis that there is no difference between the groups. The estimated standard error (SM1 - Mzis 5.13, so the t test statistic is Use the following tool to find the critical regions for a = 0.05.
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- Suzanne Zeedyk, a developmental psychologist at Dundee University’s School of Psychology, conducted a pilot study in which parents started a half-hour walk with their infants in a parent-facing or an away-facing stroller and then switched to the other type of stroller midway. Her results suggest that parents talked less to the babies, the babies had higher heart rates, and they were less likely to fall asleep in away-facing strollers than in parent-facing strollers. You are interested in testing the hypothesis that babies who travel in parent-facing strollers have different expressive vocabularies than babies who travel in away-facing strollers. You randomly assign 13 newborns to parent-facing strollers and 13 newborns to away-facing strollers. You then test the babies’ expressive vocabularies at age 36 months using the Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT), which is designed primarily to assess children’s expressive vocabulary. The sample means and sums of squares of the scores for each of…Suzanne Zeedyk, a developmental psychologist at Dundee University’s School of Psychology, conducted a pilot study in which parents started a half-hour walk with their infants in a parent-facing or an away-facing stroller and then switched to the other type of stroller midway. Her results suggest that parents talked less to the babies, the babies had higher heart rates, and they were less likely to fall asleep in away-facing strollers than in parent-facing strollers. You are interested in testing the hypothesis that babies who travel in parent-facing strollers have different receptive vocabularies than babies who travel in away-facing strollers. You randomly assign 18 newborns to parent-facing strollers and 18 newborns to away-facing strollers. You then test the babies’ receptive vocabularies at age 18 months using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised (PPVT-R), which is designed primarily to assess children’s receptive vocabulary. The sample means and sums of squares of the…A hypothetical study looks at the effect of drinking alcohol on health. Across all genders and age groups, people who do not drink tend to be healthier on average than people who do drink. However, people who drink regularly are on average healthier than those people who have recently stopped drinking. Is it reasonable to conclude that for the sake of health, we should not start drinking, but if we have already started drinking alcohol, it is healthier to continue and not to stop?
- In a study attempting to replicate findings by Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston (2009), each participant was asked to plunge a hand into the icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, they repeated neutral words. The original research showed that, in addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table: _____________Amount of Time (in Seconds)_ Participant Swear Words Neutral Words 1 94 59 2 70 61 3 52 47 4…In a study attempting to replicate findings by Stephens, Atkins, & Kingston (2009), each participant was asked to plunge a hand into the icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, they repeated neutral words. The original research showed that, in addition to lowering the participants’ perception of pain, swearing also increased the amount of time they were able to tolerate the pain. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table: _____________Amount of Time (in Seconds)_ Participant Swear Words Neutral Words 1 94 59 2 70 61 3 52 47 4…In a classic study of infant attachment, Harlow (1959) placed infant monkeys in cages with two artificial surrogate mothers. One “mother” was made from bare wire mesh and contained a baby bottle from which the infants could feed. The other mother was made from soft terry cloth and did not provide any access to food. Harlow observed the infant monkeys and recorded how much time per day was spent with each mother. In atypical day, the infants spent a total of 18 hours clinging to one of the two mothers. If there were no preference between the two, you would expect the time to be divided evenly, with an average of μ=9 hours for each of the mothers. However, the typical monkey spent around 15 hours per day with the terry-cloth mother, indicating a strong preference for the soft, cuddly mother. Suppose a sample of n=9 infant monkeys averaged M=15.3 hours per day with SS=216 with the terry-cloth mother. Is this result sufficient to conclude that the monkeys spent significantly more time with…
- In a classic study, Shrauger (1972) examined the effect of an audience on performance for two groups of participants: high self-esteem and low self-esteem individuals. The participants in the study were given a problem-solving task with half of the individuals in each group working alone and a half working with an audience. Performance on the problem-solving task was measured for each individual. The results showed that the presence of an audience had little effect on high self-esteem participants but significantly lowered the performance for the low self-esteem participants. a. How many factors does this study have? What are they? b. Describe this study using the notation system that indicates factors and numbers of levels of each factor.For 25 years, Arthur Reynolds and Judy Temple tracked more than 1,400 children who participated in a publicly funded early childhood development program beginning at age 3. They found that children who participated in the program showed higher levels of educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and job skills, as well as lower rates of substance abuse, felony arrest, and incarceration, than those who did not receive school-based early education. One possible theory for the success of this program is that improving school readiness improved the children's success in school. The improved success in school in turn improved their readiness for adulthood, resulting in increased job skills and socioeconomic status as well as lower rates of substance abuse.For 25 years, Arthur Reynolds and Judy Temple tracked more than 1,400 children who participated in a publicly funded early childhood development program beginning at age 3. They found that children who participated in the program showed higher levels of educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and job skills, as well as lower rates of substance abuse, felony arrest, and incarceration, than those who did not receive school-based early education. One possible theory for the success of this program is that improving school readiness improved the children's success in school. The improved success in school in turn improved their readiness for adulthood, resulting in increased job skills and socioeconomic status as well as lower rates of substance abuse. What is the independent and dependent variable?
- In 2013, psychology researchers conducted an experiment featuring 40 undergraduate college students, each of whom took a 20-question general-knowledge test on a computer. Participants were given four possible answers and instructed to pick the correct one. Before doing so, half the students were told that just before each question was asked, the correct answer was momentarily flashed onto the screen. They were informed that this happened too quickly for them to process the information consciously, but assured that it would register in their brains. This was the placebo treatment. In the control treatment participants were not told this. The researchers write that: “Participants in the placebo condition who believed they had been exposed to the correct answers subliminally scored higher than participants in the control condition.” The researchers conducted a hypothesis test to determine if the proportion of correct answers is significantly different for participants in the placebo…Knowing that people have a tendency to engage in social loafing when they think there are other people around to take some of the burden, researchers think that knowing they are “alone” versus “together” will impact the way a participant performs during a tug-of-war task. In the “alone” condition, participants are blindfolded and asked to pull as hard as they can on a rope against another participant on the other end. In the “together” condition, participants are once again blindfolded and told to pull as hard as they can. However, they are led to believe that there are three people on each end of the rope (they have two team additional team members to help them). The researchers find that those in the “alone” condition pull much harder (as measured by a weight sensor that measures pounds per square inch on a scale from 0 to 500 pounds) than those in the “together” condition. Which of the following is the independent variable? Pulling strength Weight sensor Social loafing…Knowing that people have a tendency to engage in social loafing when they think there are other people around to take some of the burden, researchers think that knowing they are “alone” versus “together” will impact the way a participant performs during a tug-of-war task. In the “alone” condition, participants are blindfolded and asked to pull as hard as they can on a rope against another participant on the other end. In the “together” condition, participants are once again blindfolded and told to pull as hard as they can. However, they are led to believe that there are three people on each end of the rope (they have two team additional team members to help them). The researchers find that those in the “alone” condition pull much harder (as measured by a weight sensor that measures pounds per square inch on a scale from 0 to 500 pounds) than those in the “together” condition. Which of the following is the null hypothesis? Those alone will not differ in their pulling strength compared…