On a , , linear segment, two firms A and B selling the same good are located symmetrically at locations L and 1-L respectively, where L=0.2. Both firms have a marginal cost of zero. Consumers are distributed uniformly on the interval [0,1]. The market is of size 1. When buying from a firm located a distance d from them, at a price p, a consumer receives utility U = 10 - 2d - p. [Note that the disutility of transportation is linear in the distance.] Each consumer buys from one unit from the firm yielding the highest level of utility for them. Firms choose the price to charge simultaneously. In the Nash equilibrium, what price does Firm A charge? Enter below a numerical value. Round to the second decimal if necessary. (Hint: It may be helpful to draw the graph, and find the location x of the consumer indifferent between buying from A or B.)
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- Consider the following coordination game: Player 2P1 Comedy Show Concert Comedy Show 11,5 0,0 Concert 0,0 2,2 a. Find the Nash equilibrium(s) for this game.b. Now assume Player 1 and Player 2 have distributional preferences. Specifically, both people greatly care about the utility of the other person. In fact, they place equal weight on their outcome and the other person’soutcome, ρ = σ = ½. Find the Nash equilibrium(s) with these utilitarianpreferences.c. Now consider the case where Player1 and Player2 do not like each other. Specifically, any positive outcome for the other person is viewed as anegative outcome for the individual, ρ = σ = -1. Find the Nashequilibrium(s) with these envious preferences.Consider the following ‘war of attrition’. Two animals are in a stand off for a prey. Theyindependently decide when to give up. Waiting is costly, but the animal giving up last winsthe prey (they each get nothing if they walk away at the exact same time). Getting the preygives a benefit of 80 while waiting costs 2 per unit of time. Formally payoffs are given asfollows:u1(t1, t2) =(−2t1 if t1 ≤ t280 − 2t2 if t1 > t2u2(t1, t2) =(80 − 2t1 if t1 < t2−2t2 if t1 ≥ t2,where ti is the amount of time animal i decided to wait. Assuming that animals aim tomaximize payoffs (consciously or not), figure out the Nash equilibria of this game by answeringthe following questions (similar to how we proceeded to solve the Bertrand game).(a) Show that there is no Nash equilibrium where both animals wait a strictly positiveamount of time. For this, consider two subcases: (i) both wait the same amount oftime, or (ii) one gives in earlier than the other.(b) Assume now that one animal, say the first one,…COURSE: MICROECONOMICS - Stackelberg ModelIn a given market good there are only 2 firms that satisfy the demand, and their respective total cost functions are: CTi = 400 and the demand that is estimated is P = 120 - 2QIf the exception variable of both firms is the quantity they will produce, such that the decisions to produce are made sequentially firm number 1 will be the leader who decides the quantity to produce and firm number 2 (follower) decides based on the production of firm number 1, we ask:(a) quantity produced by each firm and its equilibrium price in the market.(b) Profit of each company at equilibrium and (c) Graph your results
- We now consider a duopoly model where the firms offer products with different qualitiesand consumers differ from each other in how much they care for quality. Suppose the firms offer their products with quality si ∈ [0, 1] and consumers’ ‘location’ in terms ofhow much they care about quality is given by a parameter θ ∈ [0, 1] and consumers are uniformlydistributed over this interval. Suppose the firms first choose their quality s1 and s2 and then setprices p1 and p2. A consumer of type θ derives utilityvi = r − pi + θsifrom consuming a unit from firm i and where reservation price r is high enough that everyonepurchases from one of the two firms. Suppose the marginal cost of producing increases with quality.There are no fixed costs and the total variable cost isC(qi, si) = csiqiso that marginal cost is csi and increases with quality. Further, let c = 1 so marginal cost is siConsider the second stage where given a choice of qualities s1 and s2 with s1 < s2, the firmssimultaneously…We now consider a duopoly model where the firms offer products with different qualities and consumers differ from each other in how much they care for quality. Suppose the firms offer their products with quality si ∈ [0,1] and consumers’ ‘location’ in terms of how much they care about quality is given by a parameter θ ∈ [0,1] and consumers are uniformly distributed over this interval. Suppose the firms first choose their quality s1 and s2 and then set prices p1 and p2. A consumer of type θ derives utility vi = r − pi + θsi from consuming a unit from firm i and where reservation price r is high enough that everyone purchases from one of the two firms. Suppose the marginal cost of producing increases with quality. There are no fixed costs and the total variable cost is C(qi,si) = csiqi so that marginal cost is csi and increases with quality. Further, let c = 1 so marginal cost is si. Consider the second stage where given a choice of qualities s1 and s2 with s1 < s2, the firms…COURSE: MICROECONOMICS - Cournot Model:In the market for a given good there are only 2 firms satisfying the demand, and their respective total cost functions respond to the form: CTi = 10Qi + 5 and the demand is estimated to be: P = 31 - QIf the decision variable for both firms is that the quantity they will produce and realize will be decided simultaneously it is asked to:(a) calculate the profit and reaction function of each firmb) graph market equilibriumc) calculate the profits that both companies will obtain in equilibrium
- Someone at a party pulls out a $100 bill and announces that he is going to auction it off. There are n=10 people at the partywho are potential bidders. The owner of the $100 bill puts forth the following procedure: All bidders simultaneously submit a written bid. Only the highest bidders pay their bid (assuming that the highest bid is positive). If m people submit the highest bid, then each receives 1/m of the $100. Each person’s strategy set is {0,1,2,...,1000}{0,1,2,...,1000} so bidding can go as high as $1,000. The payoff of a player bidding bi is:0 if bi < max{b1,b2,…,bn},and 100/m − bi if bi = max {b1,b2,…,bn}where,m is the number of bidders whose bid equals max{b1,...,bn}. How many pure-strategy Nash equilibria does this game have? 1) 0 2) 1 3) 4 4) More than 4.A clothing store and a jeweler are located side by side in a shopping mall. If the clothing store spend C dollars on advertising and the jeweler spends J dollars on advertising, then the profits of the clothing store will be (36 + J )C - 2C 2 and the profits of the jeweler will be (30 + C )J - 2J 2. The clothing store gets to choose its amount of advertising first, knowing that the jeweler will find out how much the clothing store advertised before deciding how much to spend. The amount spent by the clothing store will be Group of answer choices $17. $34. $51. $8.50. $25.50.. When Chinese automakers began exporting cars, rather thanfocusing on developed nations in the West, they shippedautos to emerging markets in countries such as Algeria, Russia,Chile, and South Africa. In these markets, even used vehiclesfrom multinational manufacturers are relatively scarce—andrelatively expensive. The Chinese automakers, who prioritizelow cost rather than design or even safety, applied a penetration-pricing strategy. A woman in Santiago, Chile, who boughta new Chery S21 explained, “The price factor is fairly decisive.I paid $5,500 new and full. Toyota with similar features costsaround $12,000.” Why do you think Chinese automakerschose that pricing strategy? Do you think it was successful?As Chinese regulators pressure these manufacturers to maketheir cars safer, do you think they will be able to keep theirprices low compared with those of the international automakers? Why or why not?26
- The total cost for a product-testing firm is C(q)=70 + 20q2 q= number of products tested Price of a product = average cost Each corporation purchases one product test per year from a product-testing firm in the same city. All other inputs are ubiquitous. Suppose five corporations are initially distributed uniformly, with one corporation in each city (A,B,C,D,E). Is the initial distribution a Nash Equilibrium? Demonstrate it is not by finding how much one corporation would pay if they deviate and move to another city? What is the average price of having two tests conducted? (Which is the price that the corporation would pay if they "live" in a city where two tests are conducted) The average price of moving and thus, having two tests is: $_____Suppose that there are two ice cream vendors on a beach which isrepresented by the 0-1 interval. Customers are uniformly distributedalong that interval. The vendors simultaneously select a position. Cus-tomers go to the closest vendor and split themselves evenly if the ven-dors choose an identical position. Each vendors want to maximize itsnumber of customers. Which location should the vendors choose in the0-1 interval, why?Consider a small town with two competing restaurants: Doug’s Diner and Betty’s Bistro. There is 1000profit to be made in the market. Each period, the restaurants simultaneously decide whether to offer high orlow quality food. In order to offer high quality food, each restaurant must hire an expert chef, which incursan additional cost of 100. The restaurants split the profit equally if they offer the same quality of food. Ifone restaurant offers high quality food while the other offers low quality food, the high quality restauranttakes four fifths of the profit and the low quality restaurant takes one fifth of the profit.(a) Draw up the normal form game matrix, showing the players, strategies, and payoffs.(b) Determine the Nash equilibrium of this game.(c) Explain how the restaurant owners could both be better off than in the Nash equilibrium if they wereable to cooperate. Is the town as a whole better off or worse off when the firms cooperate? Why or whynot