Over time, cancer cells are known to produce weakly antigenic variants of cell surface proteins. This will result in ----. protection of cells from the immune system increase in cancer cell death by the immune system Neither A nor B. It will make no difference. Therapeutic antibodies used in the treatment of cancer are targeted at proteins located On the cell surface of cancer cells. On the cell surface of normal cells. In the nucleus of cancer cells. In the cytoplasm of cancer cells. C and D.

Over time, cancer cells are known to produce weakly antigenic variants of cell surface proteins. This will result in ----. protection of cells from the immune system increase in cancer cell death by the immune system Neither A nor B. It will make no difference. Therapeutic antibodies used in the treatment of cancer are targeted at proteins located On the cell surface of cancer cells. On the cell surface of normal cells. In the nucleus of cancer cells. In the cytoplasm of cancer cells. C and D.

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter17: Genes And The Immune System

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13QP: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection In cystic fibrosis gene...

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B cells are specialized blood cells that secrete antibodies. Normally, human blood has millions of differenttypes of B cells making millions of different kinds ofantibody molecules. This variety occurs because, as described in the Fast Forward Box in Chapter 13 entitledProgrammed DNA Rearrangements and the ImmuneSystem, antibody genes undergo rearrangements in theprecursors of B cells. Individual B cell precursorsrearrange their antibody genes in different ways.In the blood of patients with cancers called B celllymphomas, almost all of the antibody molecules areall of one type, but this single type of antibody isdifferent in different lymphoma patients.a. Based on this information, provide a brief description of the genesis of B cell lymphomas, focusingon the cells that are overproliferating.
The head of the oncology divison of a large biotech company proposes to develop a therapeutic antibody to treat cancers with mutant B-Raf oncogene. Is this a good idea? Why or why not(limit 3-4 sentences)?
SYstemic Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced that target the person's own DNA. The DNA must be outside of the person's cell , in plasma and/ or interstitial space,in order antivodies to bind it. Immune resposes are thoght to be part of the cause of this aspect of lupus. Of the following which is moast likely to allow the preon's DNA to be exposed otside of cells? A, conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin B, Inflammation C, Complement Membrane Attack Complex D, Interferons E,Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by immunizing a mouse with a particular antigen, then removing its spleen. Individual B cells producing mouse antibodies specific for the antigen are isolated from the spleen, then fused with cancer cells. Each of the resulting hybrid cells can be cloned, which means it can be cultured indefinitely in the laboratory. The resulting cell lines produce and secrete antibodies that recognize the antigen to which the mouse was immunized. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies. Some monoclonal antibodies are used for passive immunization. They are effective, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies that are produced by one’s own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but those delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?
When a mixture of different IgG antibody proteins are treated with the enzyme papain, each antibody is cleaved into three roughly equal size fragments. From each original antibody, two of the three fragments are identical to each other, and represent the ‘arms’ of the antibody ‘Y’. These fragments are known as Fab fragments. The third fragment is known as the Fc region, because this fragment will crystallize when purified. The reason a mixture of Fc fragments will crystallize is because: It is the only part of the antibody protein that can easily be purified at the high concentrations needed for crystallization. It has no disulfide bonds holding the domains together, as disulfide bonds will inhibit crystallization. It is the only fragment of the antibody that still has disulfide bonds, so it remains intact during the crystallization process. The Fc fragments of IgG are much more water soluble than the Fab fragments. All Fc fragments generated from a mixture of IgG molecules have the…
Many antibodies exhibit dosage, discuss the antibodies that exhibit dosage and how it is demonstrated in heterozygous/homozygous cells. Additionally, in some cases, if an antibody is just starting to develop, it may not react with a heterozygous cell, discuss the reasons for this.
To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some investigations have used the EL4 mouse thymoma line. This tumor cell line was derived from a C57BL/6 mouse, and represents a type of T cell lymphoma. When transplanted into Rag-deficient mice, the mice rapidly succumb to the tumor. This is also the case when the mice receive wild-type C57BL/6 T cells the day before tumor cell injection. However, Rag-deficient mice were protected when the transferred T cells came from mice that lacked expression of one cytokine receptor, as shown in the fugure below. Name one likely candidate for the cytokine receptor that is knocked out in the T cells that are able to protect the mice.
In addition to phagocytosis, neutrophils use a process called NETs. Which one of the following describes this process? A. NETs is a neutrophil process that activates the complement system of proteins, which destroys pathogens. B. NETs are chemicals secreted by neutrophils that trigger the rapid maturation of lymphoid stem cells into lymphocytes. C. A net-like structure of DNA, histones, lactoferrins, gelatinase, cathepsin G, and myeloperoxidase is secreted at pathogens. Together these chemicals destroy pathogens. D. NETs works when neutrophils secrete major basic proteins onto pathogens, destroying the pathogens' cell membranes.
Which of the following does not contribute to generating the diversity of antigen-binding specificities among immunoglobulins? a. somatic hypermutation b. random combination of heavy and light chains c. somatic recombination d. activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) e. alternative splicing of heavy-chain RNA transcripts.
The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection In cystic fibrosis gene therapy, scientists propose the use of viral vectors to deliver normal genes to cells in the lungs. What immunological risks are involved in this procedure?
The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Describe the genetic basis of antibody diversity.
Some pathogenic microorganisms encode proteins, such as the Staphylococcus Protein A, that bind to immunoglobulin constant region domains with high affinity. These microbial proteins provide a benefit to the microorganism by: Preventing antibodies bound to the microbe from binding to Fc receptors on phagocytes Blocking the binding of anti-microbial antibodies to the pathogen surface Cleaving the antibody into fragments that separate the antigen-binding region from the effector function Inducing aggregation of the anti-microbial antibodies by multivalent binding to the pathogen-derived protein Preventing the antibody from neutralizing the pathogen