per year 26,000- 20,00- 10,c0- G= 9000- 5,00- Hours of elsure 1,2001,200 1.800 2.000 per year If the guaranteed income program did not induce moral hazard for the wage earner at X, where would she have moved? In the example why is the possible moral hazard costly for the program? In what macroeconomic sense is the possible moral hazard costly?
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- Do you think Canada's universal health care program can alleviate problems caused by moral hazard and adverse selection in the private insurance markets? Why or why not? John's utility curve over total wealth is given by U(W) =VW (i.e. square root of W). Suppose that he has a 50% chance of being healthy. If he is healthy, he gets all his wealth-$10,000. If he becomes sick, he only has $3,600 remaining after medical expenditures. Calculate John's wealth and utility when he does and does not get sick, his expected utility, expected wealth, and his expected loss. Now he has the option of buying health insurance Calculate the maximum amount John would be willing to pay to fully insure against the cost of the sickness. How much is the actuarially fair and risk premium? Suppose that society consists of large, equal numbers of identical male and identical female consumers. Male consumers are similar to John; female consumers differ only in that they face a 25% probability of being sick, but…When company executives buy and sell stock basedon private information they obtain as part of theirjobs, they arc engaged in insider lmding.:t Give an example of inside information that mi~;htbe useful for buying or selling stock.h. "rho,::,.. who trnriP "'tnrh hMM nn in"irlPinformation usuaUy cam very high rates ofreturn. Docs this fact violate the efficient marketshypothesis?c. Insider trading is illegal. Why do you supposethat is?The Minister of Transport released its Festive season road accident statistics which shows that the probability of drivers committing an accident is 8% with utility , where H standsfor year income.The Minister further claims these Festive season road accidents cost the state (in terms of claims lodged) an average of R84 000 per annum. The Road Accident Fund is an insurance scheme providing compulsory indemnity cover to victims of vehicle accidents and taxi drivers. (a) Suppose that an average commuter earns R84 000 per annum. What is the expected utility of each commuter if the driver decides not to take insurance. (b) What is the cost of insurance policy to the Road Accident Fund? (c) Due to high accident rates in South Africa during the Festive season, the Road AccidentFund has issued a warning to government that the fund will be insolvent soon. Advise the Minister on the cost of insurance that can collapse the scheme. please answer a,b,c
- /Suppose that an individual's demand curve for doc-tor visits per year is given by the equation P = 100- 25Q, where Q is the number of doctor visits peryear and P is the price per visit. Suppose also thatthe marginal cost of each doctor visit is $50.a. How many visits per year would be efficient?What is the total cost of the efficient numberof visits?b. Suppose that the individual obtains insur-ance. There is no deductible, and the coin-surance rate is 50 percent. How many visitsto the doctor will occur now? What are theindividual's out-of-pocket costs? How muchdoes the insurance company pay for this individual's doctors' visits?c. What is the deadweight loss (if any) causedby this insurance policy?Suppose Tim is deciding how much to invest in his health, and his Marginal Efficiency of Investment (MEI) curve for health inputs (H = hours spent exercising per week) is given by the following equation: H = 40 – 100(r+δ), where r is discount rate and δ is the rate of health capital depreciation. If Tim’s discount rate is 8% (or 0.08), and his rate of depreciation of health capital is 4% (or 0.04), how many hours per week will he spend exercising? Show your work. Now, suppose Tim gets a large raise at work, such that his hourly wage doubles. Would we expect his optimal level of health investment to change as a result? If so, how and why? Explain your answer using the theoretical framework.Preventive care is not always cost-effective. Suppose that it costs $100 per person to administer a screening exam for a particular disease. Also suppose that if the screening exam finds the disease, the early detection given by the exam will avert $1,000 of costly future treatment. a. Imagine giving the screening test to 100 people. How much will it cost to give those 100 tests? Imagine a case in which 15 percent of those receiving the screening exam test positive. How much in future costly treatments will be averted? How much is saved by setting up a screening system? b. Imagine that everything is the same as in part a except that now only 5 percent of those receiving the screening exam test positive. In this case, how much in future costly treatments will be averted? How much is lost by setting up a screening system?
- When company executives buy and sell stock basedon private information that they obtain as part oftheir jobs, they are engaging in insider trading.a. Give an example of inside information that mightbe useful for buying or selling stock.b. Those who trade stocks based on insideinformation usually earn very high rates ofreturn. Does this fact violate the efficient marketshypothesis?c. Insider trading is illegal. Why do you supposethat is?Assume that an individual expects to work for 40 years andthen retire with a life expectancy of an additional 20 years.Suppose also that the individual’s earnings increase at a rateof 3 percent per year and that the interest rate is also 3 percent(the overall price level is constant in this problem). What(constant) fraction of income must the individual save ineach working year to be able to finance a level of retirementincome equal to 60 percent of earnings in the year just priorto retirement?Predict what would happen to the risk premiums ofmunicipal bonds if the federal government guaranteestoday that it will pay creditors if municipal governments default on their payments. Do you think that itwill then make sense for municipal bonds to be exemptfrom income taxes?
- First, explain the concept of risk-return trade off. How do you define return? How do you define risk? What does the trade-off says, in you own words? show the application of the risk-return trade-off for pensions choice. Does the existence of a risk-return trade-off means that all the investors select the same type of pension? show how the selection of the adequate risk-return trade-off is dependant on the investor’s risk-aversion. Detail the influence of other objective factors such as age, economic situation and personal wealth. As you can see, understanding the risk-return trade-off is essential in finance. A popular phrase in Finance is “there is no such thing as a free lunch”. Try to explain this expression based on your new understanding of the risk-return trade off. Last, reflect on how the risk-return trade-off can be applied to your own life. Identify an area in your professional life where you can apply the risk-return trade-off approach. Then find an area in your personal…(a)Explain what is meant by "asymmetric information." Identify and explain the twobasic types of problems that arise when there is asymmetric information.5 2.Asymmetric Information. Now let’s examine the impact of asymmetric information on thecreditmarket equilibrium. Specifically, in this question we assume that Anderson is not able toobserveor enforce the project that the borrower chooses. As a result, the loan contract can onlyspecifythe interest rate (not the project). Everything else remains as in problem 1.a.What type of asymmetric information problem does Anderson face? Write a shortexplanation justifying your answer.