Polymorphism implies that each different MHCprotein binds a different peptide motif. For the MHCclass I polymorphisms, how many different MHCproteins are expressed in an individual? How many bythe entire human population?

Polymorphism implies that each different MHCprotein binds a different peptide motif. For the MHCclass I polymorphisms, how many different MHCproteins are expressed in an individual? How many bythe entire human population?

Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)

9th Edition

ISBN:9781285866932

Author:Lauralee Sherwood

Publisher:Lauralee Sherwood

Chapter12: Body Defenses

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6RE

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Concept explainers

Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.

Question

Polymorphism implies that each different MHC
protein binds a different peptide motif. For the MHC
class I polymorphisms, how many different MHC
proteins are expressed in an individual? How many by
the entire human population?

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Some viruses have mechanisms to down-regulate MHC class I protein expression on the surface of cells in which the virus is replicating. This immune evasion strategy might prevent effector CD8 cytotoxic T cells from recognizing and killing the virus-infected cells. Would this immune evasion strategy also prevent the initial activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells? Yes, because no viral peptide:MHC class I complexes would form to activate CD8 T cells. No, because dendritic cells would take up infected cells and cross-present viral peptides to activate CD8 T cells. No, because some presentation of MHC class I complexes with viral peptides would occur before the virus could down-regulate all the surface MHC class I protein. Yes, because this immune evasion strategy would also function in dendritic cells, even if the virus doesn’t replicate in dendritic cells. No, because the type I interferon response induced by the virus infection will up-regulate MHC class I expression and override the…
The expression of MHC class II molecules is restricted to a small number of cell types. A. What are these cell types? B. Which of these cell types populate the thymus or circulate through it, and what role do they play in mediating positive and/or negative selection? C. Can you explain why it would be detrimental for noncirculating cells that populate tissues and glands to express MHC class II molecules?
Explain how dendritic cells or B cells can express six different versions of MHC1 and six to eight versions of MHC2. What is the evolutionary benefit of MHC being highly polymorphic and polygenic? thank you!
Amino acid variation among MHC class II allotypes that present antigens to CD4 T cells is concentrated a. where MHC contacts the co-receptors CD4 or CD8 b. in the β chain, because the α chain is monomorphic c. where the MHC molecule contacts peptide and the T-cell receptor d. in the α chain, because the β chain is monomorphic e. throughout both the α and β chains in all domains.
There are two classes of MHC molecules with distinct subunit compositions but similar three-dimensional structures. Both MHC class I and MHC class II molecules are highly polymorphic genes in the human population, with tens to hundreds of different alleles co-existing in the population. This means that a comparison of the MHC protein sequences between two individuals would reveal amino acid differences between one individual and the next. However, these amino acid differences are not randomly distributed along the entire protein, but are clustered in certain locations. In the figure below, the diagram that most correctly indicates the regions of greatest variability between different MHC proteins (shown by the red highlights) is:
Describe the basic structure of class I and class IImajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Inwhat functional ways do they differ?
Multiple mechanisms contribute to create a wide diversity in MHC protein expression between different individuals in the population. In addition to the genetic polymorphism of MHC genes, what additional mechanism(s) contribute to this diversity?
Why is this ligand for the NK-cell receptor CD94:NKG2A. considered a broad mechanism for the NK-cell detection of unhealthy cells that is relatively insensitive to MHC class I polymorphisms?
What is the differencebetween homologous andheterologousimmunoglobulins?
In regard to antigen presentation, MHC class I molecules usually present peptides derived from _____, whereas MHC class II molecules usually present peptides derived from _____. a. intracellular cytosolic sources; vesicular system b. phagolysosome; proteasomes c. MIIC; self proteins d. CLIP; HLA-DM e. endocytic vesicles; endoplasmic reticulum.
The white blood cells known as T lymphocytes respond to antigens thatbind specifi cally to the T cell receptor, which consists of an antigen-binding αβ transmembrane protein as well as a set of transmembrane signaltransducing proteins known as CD3 that are targets of NRTKs. Thecytoplasmic domains of the CD3 proteins are positively charged and, in the absence of antigen, interact with the intracellular surface of the plasma membrane in such a way that buries several of their Tyr residues in the lipidbilayer. Antigen binding to the T cell receptor leads to a localized infl ux ofCa2+ ions. (a) Explain how a high concentration of Ca2+ could promote phosphorylation and activation of the CD3 proteins. (b) Would this henomenon make the T lymphocyte more or less responsive to the antigen?
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