The PAMP recognized by TLR3 is doublestranded RNA (dsRNA). Against which pathogens would TLR3 be an effective immune receptor?

Q: Which of these statements about complement proteins C3a and C5a is false?a. They are released during…

A: Complement is a group of plasma proteins that can get activated directly by pathogens or indirectly…

Q: Which molecule would you not expect to be produced by neutrophils? Select one: a. RIG-like…

A: Neutrophils These are the most abundant type of granulocytes. Neutrophils make up about 40% to 70%…

Q: How can an intracellular virus be targeted by a particular T cell response? Describe the mechanism…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against foreign antigen in order to prevent any…

Q: Which of the following is not a function of antibodies? Select one: a. They neutralize pathogens by…

A: Introduction: The proteins that are produced in response to an antigen are called antibodies. It is…

Q: The four characteristics of adaptive immunity include all of the following except a. activation by a…

A: The immune system has a vital role in protecting the body from outside pathogens (bacteria, viruses,…

Q: Compare and contrast the process of antigen recognition in T cells and B

A: Immunity is the capability of multicellular organic entities to resist hurtful microorganisms.…

Q: Can Ab. Act as antigens? Explain why.

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulins that fight against the foreign particles that invade our bodies. They…

Q: All of the following are characteristic of regulatory T cells except a. they express CD25 b.…

A: BASIC INFORMATION  IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: Both antibodies and particular complement proteins, such as c3b, are capable of aiding phagocytes in…

A: Bacteria are a kind of organic cell. They comprise a huge space of prokaryotic microorganisms.…

Q: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (a) consists of Y-shaped molecules (b) encodes certain…

A: Immunology is an important branch of biology which include the study of immunity of different…

Q: The receptors (TLRS and NLRS) phagocytes use to bind to foreign antigens are collectively called

A: Pattern recognition receptor: - The first source of defense against any pathogen is "Innate immune"…

Q: Describe the significance of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in the immune response.

A: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germ-line encoded protein molecules that take part in the…

Q: HIV can be treated with therapy, but there is a growing in the level of innate  immune activation…

A: Inanate immune system constitute first line of defense to HIV virus, paatern of association is the…

Q: Which of the following proteins are part of the first line of defense against microbial invasion?…

A: The immune system in our body is responsible for providing protection against pathogenic…

Q: Which of the following statements regarding TLR4 is false? (Select all that apply.) a. TLR4 is a…

A: The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are transmembrane receptor expressed by immune cells on their…

Q: Receptors that trigger innate immune responses a. are antibodies recognizing specific antigens.…

A: The first line of defense against invading pathogens is the innate immune response. They are also…

Q: The classical complement pathway is initiated by C1q binding to the surface of a pathogen. In some…

A: The process of the complement system circulate in an inactive form, but in response to the…

Q: Why would the discovery of TLRs alter the view that innate immunity is non-specific?

A: Immune system fight against disease-causing agents but as the age increases the immune system get…

Q: Which of the following cells is important in the innateimmune response?a. B cellsb. T cellsc.…

A: Innate immunity can be defined as the most important component of the host defense that fights…

Q: Many cells in the human body have proteins on the surface that are able to interact with the…

A: Introduction  Autoimmunity is defined as the inability of the body to distinguish between self and…

Q: What are TLRS? How does this work to ensure to prevent pathogens to cause diseases? Where are the…

A: The innate immune system is the first line of protection in opposition to pathogens, which is…

Q: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preferentially destroys CD4+ cells. Specifically, what effect…

A: Step 1:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus which when infects a person causes an…

Q: The C1 complement protein is activated when it binds to the Fc region of an antigen-bound antibody.…

A: The C-1 complement activation occurs on direct binding with the antigen and the classical complement…

Q: The innate immune system has to be able to detect foreign invaders.  Explain two ways that the…

A: Step 1 The innate immune system is a natural genotype-based system of defense elements with which an…

Q: Which of the following proteins downregulates the classical complement cascade by breaking up the C3…

A: The classical complement (CMP) pathway is considered as the method, which helps in the activation of…

Q: Patients carrying specific mutations in the gene encoding the TLR4 protein are susceptible to…

A: Due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or result of environmental factors such as UV light and…

Q: Why is innate immunity referred to as nonspecific? because it is a form of defense found in all…

A: The body has a defense system that consists of many biological structures and processes inside an…

Q: Which of the following is not a function of antibodies? Select one: a. They neutralize pathogens by…

A: The immune system uses antibodies, often referred to as immunoglobulins, to recognize and destroy…

Q: CD1-restricted α:β T cells respond to lipid antigens of mycobacterial pathogens using all except…

A: Introduction  The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification…

Q: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a disease characterized by lysis of red blood cells, which…

A: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. It is a rare disease that is caused by a mutation in bone…

Q: Describe these 2nd Line of Defenses Inflammation phagocytosis complement system fever Interferons

A: Immunity relates to the capability of the body to prevent infections from occurring. A pathogen is…

Q: immunoassays are able to detect infections disease because of a very specific match between

A: The correct answer is 1. Antigen , Antibody

Q: Match the term in column A with its description in column B.

A: A) Classical pathway of Complement activation: It is one of the pathway which is used to activate…

Q: Which of the following provides the second signal for T-cell activation? Select one: a.…

A: T cells are generated in the Thymus and are programmed to be specific for one particular foreign…

Q: If a non-immune cell becomes infected with a virus, how is it recognised by the immune response?…

A: The immune system is termed as the host-defense mechanism. By adopting this mechanism, an individual…

Q: What role do all antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play? Group of answer choices phagocytosis of…

A: ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY- This has the capability of recognizing and selectively eliminates the specific…

Q: PAMPS, TLRs, interferon

A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus which attacks the human (body's) immune system.   it…

Q: What distinguishes MHC I from MHC II? a-aquisition of antigenic peptide in the cytoplasm…

A: MHC I and MHC II   Major histocompatibility complex Class I and Class II proteins help in providing…

Q: Microbial products trigger macrophage activation. Match the receptor with the product that it binds.…

A: Toll like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in innate  immunity cells. For example in macrophages and…

Q: are substances that provoke a specific immune response which is so discriminating that only a single…

A: The human body has immune system that Clears foreign substances and fight against pathogens. There…

Q: Which of the following can serve as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?a. T cells b. B cells c.…

A: Antigen-presenting cells (APC) include a diverse group of immune cells that mediate cellular immune…

Q: which one of the following properties of antibodies is NOT dependant on the structure of the…

A: The immunoglobin molecule is a Y shaped molecule that consists of four polypeptide chains i.e  Two…

Q: What is the relationship and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and TLR in relation…

A: The first-line of defense mechanism is known as innate immunity, and the immune cell-mediated…

Q: Innate immunity involves all of the following except: Inflammation Antibodies Phagocytosis Fever

A: Innate immunity is non specific type of defence that is present at the time of birth. This is…

Q: Complement could be one example of a ?????, one of the three types of defenses employed by the…

A: Complement : The complement system also known as complement cascade is a part of the immune system…

Q: TLR4 protein are susceptible to infections from Gram-negative bacteria. Why are these patients…

A: Toll-like receptor 4 or TLR4 is from the family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are…

Q: Innate Defense Briefly describe the role- of each in our innate defense system.. skin inflammation…

A: “Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three sub-parts for…

Q: In the adaptive immune response which antigen are mount cellular responses? T helper lymphocytes T…

A: The immune system helps the body fight against infections. There are two types of immunity: innate…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.