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- 39. How can we visualize the effect of supercoiling on the structure of DNA? (describe supercoiling)Describe the central dogma of molecular biology.With regards to DNA, what is supercoiling and what ismeant by the terms antiparallel and complementary?22-71 Indicate whether each of the following statementsinvolving differences between DNA and RNA moleculesis true or false.a. Base pairing occurs in DNA but not in RNA.b. Both DNA and RNA are double-stranded molecules.c. RNA molecules are much larger than DNAmolecules.d. The base T in DNA is replaced by the base A in RNA
- 23. Contrast the “functional” size of the four major classes of biomolecules. Background: Up until now, we have (generally) been considering the ideal properties of biomolecules without regard to the relative sizes of these molecules. In general, a “functional” DNA molecule is orders of magnitude larger than any other biomolecule. A typical size single-domain protein is, however, on the order of a very small segment of DNA. If we are going to understand the physiological role of DNA we need to consider the physiochemical implications of the size of a “functional” DNA molecule. About 30x bigger"18) How can we, experimentally, test the relationship between a phenotype or a phenotypic trait and a DNA sequence? a.. amplifying by PCR b. detecting its mRNA c. mutagenesis d. sequencing DNA 19) Which of the following types of bonds are found in the structure of DNA and/or were study objects with radioactivity in the experiments and findings of Hershey and Chase? (two apply) a. peptides (between NH2 and COOH) b. of hydrogens (by electronegativity) c. covalent (shared electrons) d. sulfur (S-S bridges) e) ionic (between positive and negative) 22) The first plant whose genome was sequenced was: a.wheat b.golden rice c.Tomato savor (tomato) d. Arabidopsis thaliana7a. Given the following mutated sequence (with respect to the normal sequence), what TYPE of mutation occurred: AAGCCGTTAC 7b. Where did the mutation take place?
- 6a. Given the following mutated sequence (with respect to the normal sequence), what TYPE of mutation occurred: AAGCTTAC 6b. Where did the mutation take place?40. What is the relationship between the free energy of supercoiling and the superhelical density? How does it create a constraint on the extent of supercoiling? How does supercoiling facilitate the formation of alternative DNA structures? Do organisms overwind or underwind their genomes?Price et al. [(1999). J. Bacteriol. 181:2358–2362] conducteda genetic study of the toxin transport protein (PA) of Bacillusanthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax in humans. Withinthe 2294-nucleotide gene in 26 strains they identified five pointmutations—two missense and three synonyms—among differentisolates. Necropsy samples from an anthrax outbreak in 1979revealed a novel missense mutation and five unique nucleotidechanges among ten victims. The authors concluded that thesedata indicate little or no horizontal transfer between differentB. anthracis strains. Question: Which types of nucleotide changes (missense or synonyms)cause amino acid changes?
- Price et al. [(1999). J. Bacteriol. 181:2358–2362] conducteda genetic study of the toxin transport protein (PA) of Bacillusanthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax in humans. Withinthe 2294-nucleotide gene in 26 strains they identified five pointmutations—two missense and three synonyms—among differentisolates. Necropsy samples from an anthrax outbreak in 1979revealed a novel missense mutation and five unique nucleotidechanges among ten victims. The authors concluded that thesedata indicate little or no horizontal transfer between differentB. anthracis strains. Question: On what basis did the authors conclude that evidence ofhorizontal transfer is absent from their data?Price et al. [(1999). J. Bacteriol. 181:2358–2362] conducteda genetic study of the toxin transport protein (PA) of Bacillusanthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax in humans. Withinthe 2294-nucleotide gene in 26 strains they identified five pointmutations—two missense and three synonyms—among differentisolates. Necropsy samples from an anthrax outbreak in 1979revealed a novel missense mutation and five unique nucleotidechanges among ten victims. The authors concluded that thesedata indicate little or no horizontal transfer between differentB. anthracis strains. Question: What is meant by ”horizontal transfer”?The specificity of Watson-Crick nucleobase pairing enables the biological information to be encoded and passed down through generations of cells and organisms. This specificity arises from the chemical structure of the base pairs, namely the pattern of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors that stabilize only two pairing interactions] relative to the others. How many possible pairwise interactions could potentially exist at a single position within a sequence, including the correct pairs, and all possible other combinations of DNA bases?