Refer to tables 14.4 and 14.5 given in the link “Numerical Problem”. Use information from these tables to discuss the following questions:Which country has the highest proportion of public insurance as a source of health care expenditure?Which country has a higher use of private insurance as a source of health care expenditure?Which country’s numbers shocked you the most?Discuss whether the US has better or worse health outcomes compared to other countries.Which country has a better access to primary care services? Which country has better access to specialist care services? IMG 3338.HEICEditedileEditViewGoToolsWindowHelp)Fri Apr 8 11:20 AMCLASS.pdf1 pageQ QQ Searchpayroll taxes and fixed premiums, depending on the type of plan. Canada's system, classi-fied as NHI, uses elements of both Beveridge and Bismarck. Sometimes referred to as "sin-gle payer," this model is characterized by government-run NHI sold at the provincial level.Each country allows some form of private insurance coverage. In Switzerland and theUnited States private insurance is the primary type of insurance. Private insurance inGermany is the primary coverage for those with high incomes. Canada and Switzerlandallow supplementary private policies that cover services beyond the mandated benefitspackage, including private hospital rooms, dental care, and travel insurance. In Canada pre-scription drugs are covered by supplemental policies. France and Japan allow participantsto purchase complementary insurance that covers out-of-pocket payments for deductibles,copays, and balance billing. In the United States Medigap policies are sold to cover mostout-of-pocket payments for seniors on Medicare. All such policies in the United Statesrequire some form of cost sharing, usually inThe public sector is responsible for a substantial portion of overall spending, above two-thirds in all countries except the United States (see Table 14.4). The Swiss system is unique.Even though the Swiss purchase private insurance, because it is mandatory and universal,Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) includes the premi-ums in the public spending category. Excluding private insurance premiums, public spend-ing is only about 16.5 percent of total expenditures instead of almost two-thirds. Privatespending is surprisingly high, exceeding 20 percent of total spending in each countryexcept the United Kingdom.Variation in the 15 quality indicators shown in Table 14.5 does not seem to be highlycorrelated with the model followed in the respective countries. Two things determine five-year survival rates: early diagnosis and a minimally invasive screening option. Colorec-tal cancer has the highest mortality rate, likely due to the invasive nature of the preferredmethod of screening. The United States fares well in terms of cancer survival, consistentlyranking near the top of the comparison group. In fact, the U.S. results are consistently bet-ter when compared to the all-European average for breast (79.0 percent), colorectal (56.2percent), and prostate cancer (77.5 percent).The United States fares quite well in.terms of in-patient, 30-day mortality rates forheart attack and stroke. Immunization rates and cancer screening rates show little varnceacross countries. Japan may be the only exception, likely due to the invasive nature of thetests. The rates of coronary artery bypass surgery and total knee replacements are higher inthe U.S. than in the comparison countries. Canada tends to lag the other countries in thesethree areas, including hip replacements, considerably.TABLE 14.5 HEALTH SYSTEMS QUALITY AND ACCESS INDICATOORS2013 or nearest yearavailableHTTP://FranceUnitedKingdomThe WHO promoteshealih worldwideTheir webulte providesimportant links for thoseInterested in puhlichealth issurs. http/www.whoint.GermanySwitzerlandUnitedStates5-Year cancer sunCervical62.762.0Breast20666.081.070.067878.283.1Colorectal84.577860.059.961.290.1Prostate63.865.585.3In-hospital 30-day mortality rate (%)87.399.3AMI6.7e form of deductibles and copays.87Stroke.12.27.27.65.5Hemorrhagic27316.7118Ischemic20026.57922.0Diagnostic inaging rate (per 1.000)9.290.9952CT131.5192.8106.9117.1Immunization rate (%)240.4Measles (children)9589Influenza (seniors)935250Screening rate (%)Breast cancer (Age467672275441047.475.9808Cervical cancer (Age20-69)73.473.652842.174.578.1Other utiliration (per 1,000)CAIGpdf30.067.6Hip replacementKnee replacementPhysicians visits percapita45.6290135.6282.9301.4182.6165.8145.4190.0210.1141.4225.86.49.53.9Primary care access (%)Same er next day4562666 days or moreSpecialist access (%)331719TABLE 14.4 HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES BY SOURCE, PERCENTAGESLess than 4 weeksUnitedUnitedMore than 2 monthsElective surgery72GermanyJapanSwitzerlandKingdom2013CanadaFrance41288280.066.183.346267.3745167S38Less than 4 weeks25.320033.9Private32.755More than 4 months1.1320.90.137.925Private insurance14.32113.213.525.895Out-of-pocket13.664Amesto et al (20Nerdecchia et al 2007OECO Heith Data 2016Sehoen, Pierson, end Applebeum 20107.14.110Other private4.8"Mandatory insurance is purchased from private firms but counted as public spending. Only 25 percent of premiums are paidbreakdown is actually 16.5 percent public and 835 percet private with private insurance covering 505 percent of spendingncludes capital formation by providers and uncategorized spending.Source: OECD Health Data 2015.Lepdf

Question

Refer to tables 14.4 and 14.5 given in the link “Numerical Problem”. Use information from these tables to discuss the following questions:Which country has the highest proportion of public insurance as a source of health care expenditure?Which country has a higher use of private insurance as a source of health care expenditure?Which country’s numbers shocked you the most?Discuss whether the US has better or worse health outcomes compared to other countries.Which country has a better access to primary care services? Which country has better access to specialist care services? IMG 3338.HEICEditedileEditViewGoToolsWindowHelp)Fri Apr 8 11:20 AMCLASS.pdf1 pageQ QQ Searchpayroll taxes and fixed premiums, depending on the type of plan. Canada's system, classi-fied as NHI, uses elements of both Beveridge and Bismarck. Sometimes referred to as &#34;sin-gle payer,&#34; this model is characterized by government-run NHI sold at the provincial level.Each country allows some form of private insurance coverage. In Switzerland and theUnited States private insurance is the primary type of insurance. Private insurance inGermany is the primary coverage for those with high incomes. Canada and Switzerlandallow supplementary private policies that cover services beyond the mandated benefitspackage, including private hospital rooms, dental care, and travel insurance. In Canada pre-scription drugs are covered by supplemental policies. France and Japan allow participantsto purchase complementary insurance that covers out-of-pocket payments for deductibles,copays, and balance billing. In the United States Medigap policies are sold to cover mostout-of-pocket payments for seniors on Medicare. All such policies in the United Statesrequire some form of cost sharing, usually inThe public sector is responsible for a substantial portion of overall spending, above two-thirds in all countries except the United States (see Table 14.4). The Swiss system is unique.Even though the Swiss purchase private insurance, because it is mandatory and universal,Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) includes the premi-ums in the public spending category. Excluding private insurance premiums, public spend-ing is only about 16.5 percent of total expenditures instead of almost two-thirds. Privatespending is surprisingly high, exceeding 20 percent of total spending in each countryexcept the United Kingdom.Variation in the 15 quality indicators shown in Table 14.5 does not seem to be highlycorrelated with the model followed in the respective countries. Two things determine five-year survival rates: early diagnosis and a minimally invasive screening option. Colorec-tal cancer has the highest mortality rate, likely due to the invasive nature of the preferredmethod of screening. The United States fares well in terms of cancer survival, consistentlyranking near the top of the comparison group. In fact, the U.S. results are consistently bet-ter when compared to the all-European average for breast (79.0 percent), colorectal (56.2percent), and prostate cancer (77.5 percent).The United States fares quite well in.terms of in-patient, 30-day mortality rates forheart attack and stroke. Immunization rates and cancer screening rates show little varnceacross countries. Japan may be the only exception, likely due to the invasive nature of thetests. The rates of coronary artery bypass surgery and total knee replacements are higher inthe U.S. than in the comparison countries. Canada tends to lag the other countries in thesethree areas, including hip replacements, considerably.TABLE 14.5 HEALTH SYSTEMS QUALITY AND ACCESS INDICATOORS2013 or nearest yearavailableHTTP://FranceUnitedKingdomThe WHO promoteshealih worldwideTheir webulte providesimportant links for thoseInterested in puhlichealth issurs. http/www.whoint.GermanySwitzerlandUnitedStates5-Year cancer sunCervical62.762.0Breast20666.081.070.067878.283.1Colorectal84.577860.059.961.290.1Prostate63.865.585.3In-hospital 30-day mortality rate (%)87.399.3AMI6.7e form of deductibles and copays.87Stroke.12.27.27.65.5Hemorrhagic27316.7118Ischemic20026.57922.0Diagnostic inaging rate (per 1.000)9.290.9952CT131.5192.8106.9117.1Immunization rate (%)240.4Measles (children)9589Influenza (seniors)935250Screening rate (%)Breast cancer (Age467672275441047.475.9808Cervical cancer (Age20-69)73.473.652842.174.578.1Other utiliration (per 1,000)CAIGpdf30.067.6Hip replacementKnee replacementPhysicians visits percapita45.6290135.6282.9301.4182.6165.8145.4190.0210.1141.4225.86.49.53.9Primary care access (%)Same er next day4562666 days or moreSpecialist access (%)331719TABLE 14.4 HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES BY SOURCE, PERCENTAGESLess than 4 weeksUnitedUnitedMore than 2 monthsElective surgery72GermanyJapanSwitzerlandKingdom2013CanadaFrance41288280.066.183.346267.3745167S38Less than 4 weeks25.320033.9Private32.755More than 4 months1.1320.90.137.925Private insurance14.32113.213.525.895Out-of-pocket13.664Amesto et al (20Nerdecchia et al 2007OECO Heith Data 2016Sehoen, Pierson, end Applebeum 20107.14.110Other private4.8&#34;Mandatory insurance is purchased from private firms but counted as public spending. Only 25 percent of premiums are paidbreakdown is actually 16.5 percent public and 835 percet private with private insurance covering 505 percent of spendingncludes capital formation by providers and uncategorized spending.Source: OECD Health Data 2015.Lepdf

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