State the main difference between the following study designs in one sentence (focus on the exposure-outcome relationship): a. Randomized controlled trials and Clinical Crossover Trials b. Observational and experimental studies c. Prospective and retrospective cohort studies
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State the main difference between the following study designs in one sentence (focus on the exposure-outcome relationship):
a. Randomized controlled trials and Clinical Crossover Trials
b. Observational and experimental studies
c. Prospective and retrospective cohort studies
a
A randomised controlled trial is a type of impact assessment wherein the population getting the programs or policy interventions is chosen randomly from the eligible population, and the control group is also chosen randomly from the same eligible population. It assesses the extent to which specific, pre-planned effects are realised. One of its virtues is that it gives a powerful response to problems of causation, allowing evaluators and implementers to know that the outcomes are the consequence of the intervention and nothing else.
Crossover trials are studies in which participants get many interventions rather than just one, and the effects of the therapies are assessed on the same people. Participants receive a series of interventions, according to another definition.
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- Match the following terms to their best definitions When a subject stops taking the assigned experimental treatment A.drop out B.drop in C.loss to follow up When a subject who is assigned to the control group starts taking the experimental treatment (perhaps by obtaining it outside of the study) A.drop out B.drop in C.loss to follow up When a subject is missing the study outcome A.drop out B.drop in C.loss to follow upWhile randomized control trials are gold-standard, we don't use them in economics often to explore causal relationships. Why? Provide three reasons.Applying the principles of public finance, why should or should not the governments play a role in vaccination? (Please keep in mind, this assignment is NOT an opinion survey. It is an analytical assignment where the principles of public finance must be applied in your argument. The key assumption is that if the issue exhibits signs of market failure then it may provide reasons for government roles. Sample questions to ask include but not limited to: ---Is vaccination a public good? Yes->more government involvement; no->less government ---Is the vaccination industry a natural monopoly? Yes-> more government involvement; no->less ---To what extent does the vaccination market have information asymmetry? A lot-> more government involvement; no->less ---To what extent does the vaccination issue exhibit externality? A lot-> more government involvement; no->less ---Other reasons?... As you see, students are expected to read the chapter and know these terminologies for…
- The following matrix represents a possible outcome of a two-factor experiment: No Treatment Treatment Male 20 15 Overall M = 17.5 Female 25 10 Overall M = 17.5 Overall M = 22.5 Overall M = 12.5 Which of the following statements is TRUE: Group of answer choices There is a main effect of gender, a main effect of treatment, and a gender by treatment interaction There is a main effect of gender, no main effect of treatment, and an interaction There is a main effect of gender, a main effect of treatment, and no interaction There is a main effect of treatment, no main effect of gender, and an interactionOne of the pitfalls of Randomized Control Trials is that: Hard to ensure that people who are randomly assigned to treatment group are actually treated. Hard to come up with reasonable alternatives that are uniquely different from the control groups Control Group Contamination. All of the above. None of the above.Gender is one of the best predictors of health services use. True or False Healthcare demand is consistnely nonelastic due to the fact that is relates to biological factors. True or False A population based approach depends on accurate and timely population estimates and projections as well as accurate and timely utilization rates. True or False The most effective way to develop a consumer profile is to gather psychographic data without controlling for geographic data. True or False
- To test the parallel trends assumption, A. we check if Group A and Group B's average outcome follows a similar trend over multiple periods before Group A receives the treatment. B. we check if Group A and Group B's average outcome follows a similar trend after Group A receives the treatment. C. we check if Group A and Group B have the same average outcome before the treatment. D. Type or paste question hereThe residential division of Prism’s high-speed Internet service uses one advertising agency, while its commercial division uses another. Two analysts, Andy and Brad, are asked to test and evaluate the effectiveness of the two agencies. Andy proposes an A/B test that compares the click-through rates per ad for the two agencies. Brad proposes a difference-in-dif-ference test in which the budgets for both agencies are increased by 50%, and the percent change in click-through rates is compared. What might be the sources of selection bias for the two proposals? Which is likely to be smaller?. The health authorities are considering the treatmentalternatives for three types of diseases: heart disease,cancer, and infectious disease. Each year there are10,000 new cases of heart disease, 10,000 new casesof cancer, and 5,000 new cases of infectious disease.For each diagnosis, there are a number of mutuallyindependent treatment alternatives (including notreatment) as shown in the following table. a. Identify all dominant treatment alternatives.Explain why each is dominant.b. Calculate the incremental cost, incrementalQALYs, and ICERs for all economicallyrational strategies (ICER 5 incremental cost/incremental QALYs). Why are these consideredeconomically rational?c. Using separate graphs for heart disease, cancer,and infectious disease, show the alternativetreatment options, label the dominant options,and show the economically feasible alternatives.(Place QALYs on the vertical axis and cost pertreatment on the horizontal axis.)d. The local health district has asked your opinion…
- Government support for the development of Covid-19 vaccines took two different forms. Some firms accepted grants (a.k.a, direct monetary support) for vaccine development and testing. As a condition of the grant, the government has options to purchase a first and specific number of vaccine doses. Other firms chose not to accept grants. Instead they negotiated advanced-purchase agreement to support pre-approval manufacturing of vaccines. The purchase agreement stipulates that payment will be made upon delivery of the pre-specified number of doses. In the case of advanced purchase agreements, who bears the cost of a failure?(PLEASE HELP WITH 1, 2, AND 3. ) 1. Each individual outcome of an experiment is called Group of answer choices the sample space an experiment an individual a sample point 2. Any process that generates well-defined outcomes is Group of answer choices an experiment an event a sample point a sample space 3. The counting rule that is used for counting the number of experimental outcomes when n objects are selected from a set of N objects where order of selection is not important is called Group of answer choices combination multiple step experiment permutation None of these alternatives is correct.Case: As part of the most recent collective bargaining agreement with employees, an employer must offer medical insurance at "reasonable, non-profit rates." The employer plans to self-insure in place of using a private insurance company. Statistical evidence suggests that the average household currently spends $450 per year for medical bills and $80 for health screening and routine check-ups. Administrative costs are expected to average $30 per family. The collective bargaining agreement dictates that the plan's coverages and rates be fixed for a period of two years. The auditor considers the choice of the plan to be extremely important. Consequently, the auditor has asked you to evaluate the three proposals listed below. Proposal A would charge a $350 premium with no deductible. Coverage is extended to pre-existing conditions, but to cover the non-deductible clause, health screening and routine check-ups are not covered. Proposal B charges a $250 premium with a $200…