Strikingly different signaling systems can operate in similar ways. For example, ethylene gas released by ripening fruits diffuses through the air from plant to plant and functions as a "fruit ripening" signal; oxytocin, a peptide hormone secreted into the blood of female mammals, activates milk excretion from the mammary glands. Both signaling molecules initiate an intracellular signal- transduction cascade. Which of the following best describes a mechanism common to BOTH tpes of signaling systems?

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