Substrate cycling does not violate the laws of thermodynamics in making both directions of a reaction favorable (i,e Step 3 glycolysis). How is this so? Explain
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- Using the ActiveModel for enoyl-CoA dehydratase, give an example of a case in which conserved residues in slightly different positions can change the catalytic rate of reaction.Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms carry out some form of glycolysis. How does ha fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways?Substrate cycling does not violate the laws of thermodynamics in making both directions of a reaction favorable. How is this so? Explain in regards to Step 3 of Glycolysis
- Substrate cycling does not violate the laws of thermodynamics in making both directions of a reaction favorable. Explain in regards to the Table with Step 3 of GlycolysisAlthough as a whole, metabolic pathways are thermodynamically favorable, there’s at least onereaction in each pathway that is thermodynamically unfavorable under standard conditions.Provide two different strategies that allow for non-spontaneous reactions to be used as part of anenergy-generating pathway.Explain thermodynamics of glycolysis in relation to Step 3 as shown in the Table and how it does not violate thermodynamic laws?
- With a ∆G°´ of -16.7 kJ/mol, the reaction catalyzed by hexokinase is considered to be _____. at equilibrium substrate and product concentration dependent freely reversible metabolically irreversible none of the aboveWithin biological systems, there are always reactions that seem to occur when thermodynamically, they should not. An example is in the process of glycolysis (the conversion of glucose to pyruvate) which has ΔG°' = 2183.6 kJ/mol. How is glycolysis possible with such a large, positive ΔG°', when cells are governed by the laws of thermodynamics?In the beta oxidation of linoleic acid, converting the 3, 5, 8 trienoyl CoA intermediate back to an expected intermediate for a beta oxidation substrate costs the equivalent of how many ATPs? (hint: look at the 'right side' of the figure for addressing problem 3 with linoleic acid)
- Describe the energy transformation steps that occur within an electron transport chain during the process of oxidative phosphorylation. Please include a drawing of the explanation as well.The enzyme malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in the final step that completes the Citric Acid Cycle. The ∆G of this reaction is +29.7 kJ/mol. Explain how this thermodynamically unfavorable reaction could possibly be accomplished by the cell even though the reaction is not coupled to a favorable reaction.assume that for an enzyme immobilized on the surface of a nonporous support material, the external mass-transfer resisitance for substrate is not negligible as compared to the reaction rate.The enzyme is subject to substrate inhibition are multiple states possible?why or why not? could the effectiveness factor be greater than one?
