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- All except which one of the following can be a function of the heterotrimeric G protein of a GPCR? a) inhibit adenylyl cyclase b) activate adenylyl cyclase c) act as a protein kinase d) activate ion channelsWhich of the following does NOT generally lead to a phosphate cascade? A. active transport pumps B. ligand-gated ion channels C. receptor tyrosine kinases D. G protein-coupled receptorsHow signaling responses that involve changes in proteins occur in milliseconds to seconds but responses that require changes in gene expression require minutes to hours.
- Compare and contrast signaling via G-protein coupled receptor, receptor tyrosine kinases, nuclear receptor. Please name at least one ligand/receptor for each pathway. Also describe the 'fast' and 'slow' responses mediated by ligand bindingA neuronal precursor in a fly embryo expresses which molecule to signal neighboring cells not to become neurons (Choices are shh, delta, noggin, notch)describe in detail:how the Serotonin transporter works whether it is an active or passive transportera specific type of cell that it can be found in and why it is important in this cell typeconsequences for body function when this transporter type fails (due to a mutation that makes it non-functional
- Neurons contain _____ which can receive_____ signals from other neurons. axons mitochondria dendrites Golgi bodiesCalcium ions (a) can act as second messengers (b) split calmodulin (c) are kept at higher concentration in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid (d) are produced in the ER by protein kinases and protein phosphatases (e) typically terminate signaling cascadesSecond-messenger systems ultimately bring about the desired cell response by inducing a change in the shape and function of particular designated intracellular proteins. (True or false?)
- Distinguish the pathways associated with the activation of protein kinase A, protein kinase Cand Cam kinase II. Provide for each pathway: enzyme that produces second messenger, identity of second messenger(s) and kinase activated by that second messenger.Which of these is NOT a response that occurs when an intercellular chemical signal binds to a membrane-bound receptor? 1. Enzymes at the inner surface of the cell are directly activated. 2. Ion channels open or close. 3. Enzymes add phosphate groups to certain proteins in the cell. 4. The chemical signal and receptor bind to DNA in the nucleus. 5. Activated G proteins activate enzymes that produce intracellular messengers.In 5-7 sentences. Provide a narrative overview of the function of the receptor including: The extracellular signal that acts as the ligand for the receptor The physiological response that is induced The benefits of this pathway to the cell/organism
