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- During the spring of 1999, many fuel storage facilities in Serbia were destroyed by bombing. As a result, significant quantities of oil products were spilled and burned,resulting in soil pollution. The article “Mobility of Heavy Metals Originating from Bombing of Industrial Sites” (B. Škrbić, J. Novaković, and N. Miljević, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2002:7–16) reports measurements of heavy metal concentrations at several industrial sites in June 1999, just after the bombing, and again in March of 2000. At the Smederevo site, on the banks of the Danube River, eight soil specimens taken in 1999 had an average lead concentration (in mg/kg) of 10.7 with a standard deviation of 3.3. Four specimens taken in 2000 had an average lead concentration of 33.8 with a standard deviation of 0.50. Find a 95% confidence interval for the increase in lead concentration between June 1999 and March 2000.According to the February 2008 Federal Trade Commission report on consumer fraud and identity theft, 23% of all complaints in 2007 were for identity theft. In that year, assume some state had 534 complaints of identity theft out of 1960 consumer complaints. Do these data provide enough evidence to show that that state had a higher proportion of identity theft than 23%? Test at the 6% level.P: PARAMETER What is the correct parameter symbol for this problem? What is the wording of the parameter in the context of this problem? H: HYPOTHESES Fill in the correct null and alternative hypotheses: ASSUMPTIONS Since information was collected from each object, what conditions do we need to check? Check all that apply. np≥10np≥10 n≥30n≥30 or normal population. σσ is known. σσ is unknown. N≥20nN≥20n n(1−p)≥10The authors of the paper "Dynamics of Canopy Structure and Light Interception in Pinus elliottii, North Florida" (Ecological Monographs (1991):33-51) planned an experiment to determine the effect of fertilizer on a measure of leaf area. A number of plots were available for the study, and half were selected at random to be fertilized. In order to assure that the plots to receive the fertilizer and the control plots were similar, prior to beginning the experiment tree density (the number of trees per hectare) was recorded for six plots to be fertilized and six control plots, resulting in the given data. Do the plots differ in tree number? Do you have any concerns about their experimental design? Fertilizer plots 1320 1216 1312 1280 1216 1312 control plots 1104 1072 1088 1150 1272 1280
- According to the February 2008 Federal Trade Commission report on consumer fraud and identity theft, 23% of all complaints in 2007 were for identity theft. In that year, assume some state had 544 complaints of identity theft out of 1950 consumer complaints. Do these data provide enough evidence to show that that state had a higher proportion of identity theft than 23%? Test at the 9% level.P: PARAMETER What is the correct parameter symbol for this problem? What is the wording of the parameter in the context of this problem? H: HYPOTHESES Fill in the correct null and alternative hypotheses: H0:H0: HA:HA: A: ASSUMPTIONS Since information was collected from each object, what conditions do we need to check? Check all that apply. n(1−pˆ)≥10n(1-p̂)≥10 n≥30n≥30 or normal population. σσ is unknown. σσ is known. n(1−p)≥10n(1-p)≥10 np≥10np≥10 N≥20nN≥20n n(pˆ)≥10n(p̂)≥10 Check…Assume that last year in a particular state with 700000 children there were 1552 children out of 31500 in a random sample who were diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Nationally, 1 out of 88 children are diagnosed with ASD. Is there sufficient data to show that the incident rate of ASD is higher in that state than nationally? Test at the 7% level.P: PARAMETER What is the correct parameter symbol for this problem? What is the wording of the parameter in the context of this problem? H: HYPOTHESES Fill in the correct null and alternative hypotheses: The value of p on this one is a fraction....leave it exact. H0:H0: HA:HA: A: ASSUMPTIONS Since information was collected from each object, what conditions do we need to check? Check all that apply. n(1−pˆ)≥10n(1-p̂)≥10 σσ is unknown. N≥20nN≥20n np≥10np≥10 σσ is known. n(1−p)≥10n(1-p)≥10 n≥30n≥30 or normal population.…Which non-parametric test for ordinal data is the best to use in the given scenario? In a study by Zuckerman and Heneghan, hemodynamic stresses were measured on subjects undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. An outcome variable of interest was the ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) measured in mm. A portion of the data appears in the following table. Baseline refers to a measurement taken 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia, and the term '5 minutes' refers to a measurement taken 5 minutes after baseline. Can we conclude that, on the basis of these data, among subjects undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the average LVEDV levels change? Let a =.01. LVEDV (ml) Subject Baseline 5 minutes 1 51.7 49.3 2 79.0 72.0 3 78.7 67.0 4 80.3 70.4 5 72.0 65.9 6 85.0 84.8 7 79.0 77.7 8 71.3 74.0 9 54.3 58.0 10 58.8 65.0 a. Mood Median Test b. Sign Test c. Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test d. Wilcoxon Matched-Pair Signed-Ranks Test e. Spearman and Kendall Correlation…
- Which of the non-parametric test for ordinal data is the best to use in the given scenario? An experiment was conducted to compare the strengths of two types of elastic bandages: one a standard bandage of a specified weight and the other the same standard but treated with a chemical substance. Ten pieces of each were randomly selected from production. Does the treated bandage tend to be stronger than the standard? Table 1. Strength measurements (and their ranks) for 2 types of bandages. STANDARD TREATED 1.21(2) 1.49(15) 1.43(12) 1.37(7.5) 1.35(6) 1.67(20) 1.51(17) 1.50(16) 1.39(9) 1.31(5) 1.17(1) 1.29(3.5) 1.48(14) 1.52(18) 1.42(11) 1.37(7.5) 1.29(3.5) 1.44(13) 1.4(10) 1.53(19) a. Mood median test b. sign test c. Wilcoxon rank-sum test d. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test e. Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficients f. Kruskal-Wallis testA researcher notes that there seems to be a difference in the prevalence of high cholesterol among individuals who smoke and consume diets high in processed food and the prevalence of high cholesterol among individuals who do not smoke and do not consume diets high in processed foods. Use the appropriate hypothesis to determine if diet and smoking status are related (independent) at the 5%. Determine the chi-square values and interpret your response. Diet Low in Processed Foods Normal Cholesterol High Cholesterol Total Non-smoker 124 55 179 Smoker 69 152 221 Total 193 207 400 Diet High in Processed Foods Normal Cholesterol High Cholesterol Total Non-smoker 64 85 149 Smoker 98 153 251 Total 162 238 400An observational study is described. Identify the specified element.An examination of the medical records of 898 bodybuilders who died between 1995 and 2020 showed that those who had taken steroids had a higher risk of osteoporosis. Identify the parameter of interest.
- Assume we have data demonstrating a strong linear link between the amount of fertilizer applied to certain plants and their yield. Which is the independent variable in this research question?Accumulation of mercury (Hg) in fish is hypothesized to correlate with the fish size. Barbonymus schwanenfeldii is a species commonly found in a dam in Sarawak. Table 1 shows data of Hg concentration (mg/kg) present in three sizes of fish caught in the dam in triplicates. (i, ii, iii was already answered.)Describe and compare the measurement of the central tendency and thedispersion of the electric usage before and after implementing the newelectric meter based on the histogram and box plots given.