The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy increases for spontaneous processes and that an increase in entropy is associated with transitions from ordered to disordered states. Living organisms, even the simplest bacteria growing in cultures, appear to violate the Second Law because they grow and proliferate spontaneously. They convert simple chemical substances into the highly organized structure of their descendants. Write a critical evaluation of the proposition that living organisms contradict the Second Law. Be sure to state your conclusion clearly and to present detailed, reasoned arguments to support it.

Q: Calculate the entropy of the following reaction using the data in the table. 4A +2B + 1C → 5D + 1E…

A: Entropy change can be determined using the equation given below: ∑∆S°products-∑∆S°reactants

Q: ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: 1. The relationship between entropy and temperature is introduced…

A: Since you have posted multiple questions ,as per guidelines we are subjected to solve one per…

Q: If the entropy of the system increases during a reversible process, the entropy change of the…

A: The entropy change of the system depends upon the randomness. As the randomness of the system…

Q: Suppose some cells are assembling a certain protein made of 23 amino acids. Calculate The MAXIMUM…

A: During the combustion of 1 mole of glucose, 2872 kJ energy is released. Hence, energy released…

Q: How does temperature effect spontaneity? Under what conditions is enthalpy the dominant…

A: We know that, ΔG = ΔH - TΔS For a reaction to be spontaneous ΔG must be negative in sign ΔG < 0 ,…

Q: Determine whether each of the following statements about the thermodynamic functions are True or…

A: Thermodynamic function called Gibbs free energy is used to determine absolutely spontaneity of a…

Q: Whenever a gas expands when we exhale, when a flask is opened, and so on the gas undergoes an…

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Q: (a) Can endothermic chemical reactions be spontaneous?(b) Can a process be spontaneous at one…

A: “Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve first three subparts for…

Q: Water vapor can be produced in two different processes as represented below. 1. In terms of concept…

A: Entropy is defined as Randomness or disorder. solid structure is more arranged than liquid or we can…

Q: Explain how the entropy of a system is related to the number ofpossible microstates?

A: To find: The relation between the entropy and number of possible microstates

Q: Under standard conditions the absolute entropy of liquid water is (H2O(l)) = 69.91 J K-1 mol-1 .…

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Q: Which of the following is true of thermodynamically spontaneous reactions?     They are all…

A: Interpretation :  We have to tell which of the following is true according to thermodynamically…

Q: How can a system or chemical reaction have a negative entropy change and be spontaneous?

A: Chemical reaction:

Q: Considering the above information, which of these chemical reactions would AGbe approximately equal…

A: Entropy is the measure of disorderness of the system. More is the disorder in the system, more is…

Q: Many of the biological reactions that are essential for the formation and maintenance of highly…

A: The correct answer is given below

Q: What is the entropy when a system goes from 4 microstates to 5 microstates?

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Q: What is the precise definition of entropy? What is the significance of entropy being a state…

A: Entropy is a thermodynamic state function that determines randomness in a system.  When we raise…

Q: How does the third law of thermodynamics allow absolute entropies of substances to be determined? A)…

A: The Third law of thermodynamics states that  " a substance which is perfectly crystalline at…

Q: Under what circumstances does entropy of a system decrease for a spontaneous process

A: For any  spontaneous process, the value of Gibbs free energy change i.e ΔG should be -ve And since…

Q: Which statement is correct? Dissolving table salt (NaCI) in water leads to a decrease in entropy…

A: Correct option is (C)

Q: What is the third law of thermodynamics? How does the third law relate to the calorimetric entropy…

A: Thermodynamics relates to the heat, temperature, and energy of chemical reactions. It studies the…

Q: How many microstates are present in a system with an entropy of zero?

A: The entropy (S) and microstates(W) are related by formula : S = kB ln(W)  Here , kB = Boltzmann…

Q: Entropy, denoted by the symbol S, is the thermodynamic property describing the amount of molecular…

A: From given datas Initially from the given options related to third law of thermodynamics is given…

Q: If energy can flow in and out of the system to maintain a constant temperature during the process,…

A: Given, If energy can flow in and out of the system to maintain a constant temperature during the…

Q: Under what circumstance can the entropy of a system decrease for a spontaneous process

A: The entropy tells the randomness present in the system due to its disorderness created in the system…

Q: Which statements are true about entropy? More than one statement may be correct. The molar entropy…

A: The measurement of randomness is called entropy.

Q: What happens to the entropy of an isolated system during an irreversible process?

A: For isolated system, there is no exchange of heat or energy between system and surrounding.  Hence,…

Q: It is the study of the heat or energy involved in physical and chemical changes. Thermodynamics…

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Q: Give an example of a spontaneous process in which a system becomes less ordered and energy becomes…

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Q: How can we use Chemical Thermodynamics to explain different processes involving entropy?

A: Entropy : It is the measure of the total randomness  of the molecules or molecular disorder in a…

Q: Under what circumstance can the entropy of a system decrease for a spontaneous process?

A: Entropy measures the degree of randomness in the system. When a substance changes its phase solid to…

Q: Describe Gibbs' free energy and give an example of a spontaneous process.

A: The process which occur by itself without any external energy is known as spontaneous process.

Q: Calculate the change in entropy that occurs in the system when 47.2 g of isopropyl alcohol (C3H8O)…

A: Formula : ∆Sfreezing =∆HfreezingFreezing point temperature =-5.37×103 J(-89.5 +273.15)…

Q: According to the second law of thermodynamics for any spontaneous process, the entropy of the…

A: To find: For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe

Q: The law of thermodynamics states that every spontaneous process moves towards greater entropy. O…

A: The second law of thermodynamics helps us to predict whether the reaction is fisible or not .…

Q: sample of a gas is in a reaction vessel under a certain set of conditions such that it possesses…

A: ANSWER :   (a)We know a formula that entropy relates with the microstates :  S = K*lnW  Here :  S =…

Q: What is the entropy of a system that has only a single microstate?

A: Entropy is defined in the terms of randomness that a system possess or the disordered state. Change…

Q: Not all processes in which the system increases in entropy are spontaneous. How can this observation…

A: Second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system always increases but it…

Q: The law of thermodynamics states that every spontaneous process moves towards greater entropy.…

A: There are certain laws in thermodynamics to characterize systems in thermodynamic equilibrium  Thise…

Q: Describe the concept of entropy.  Consider the following processes and determine where the entropy…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts,we will solve first three sub-parts for…

Q: TRUE OR FALSE Entropy is a measure of disorder in a physical or chemical system

A: Entropy is a thermodynamics property. And measure randomness or disorder of the system

Q: All of the following statements about entropy are true except for: 1 it is a measure of the energy…

A: Entropy is a form of energy which measures disorderness of system. Change in entropy = Change in…

Q: Choose the correct statement Entropy is the measurement of heat dispersal and total entropy…

A: Answer  According second law of thermodynamics measurement of disorder…

Q: Suppose some cells are assembling a certain protein made of 79 amino acids. Calculate the minimum…

A: The given reaction is,

Q: The second law of thermodynamics states that A. in a spontaneous process, the entropy of the…

A: First law of thermodynamics is concerned with the conservation of energy while the second law of…