Answered: the size of the state space

Engineering

Computer Science

the size of the state space

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design

8th Edition

ISBN:9781337102087

Author:D. S. Malik

Publisher:D. S. Malik

Chapter15: Recursion

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6PE

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Artificial Intelligence (Part - 1) ==================== The Towers of Hanoi is a famous problem for studying recursion in computer science and searching in artificial intelligence. We start with N discs of varying sizes on a peg (stacked in order according to size), and two empty pegs. We are allowed to move a disc from one peg to another, but we are never allowed to move a larger disc on top of a smaller disc. The goal is to move all the discs to the rightmost peg (see figure). To solve the problem by using search methods, we need first formulate the problem. Supposing there are K pegs and N disk. (1) Propose a state representation for the problem?
The Tower of Hanoi is a puzzle where n disks of different sizes arestacked in ascending order on one rod and there are two other rods with nodisks on them. The objective is to move all disks from the first rod to thethird, such that:- only one disk is moved at a time- a larger disk can never be placed on top of a smaller oneWrite a recursive function that outputs the sequence of steps needed tosolve the puzzle with n disks.Write a test program in C++ that allows the user to input number of disks andthen uses your function to output the steps needed to solve the puzzle.Hint: If you could move up n−1 of the disks from the first post to thethird post using the second post as a spare, the last disk could be moved fromthe first post to the second post. Then by using the same technique you canmove the n−1 disks from the third post to the second post, using the firstdisk as a spare. There! You have the puzzle solved. You only have to decidewhat the nonrecursive case is, what the recursive…
using recursion python Consider the English alphabet consisting of 26 lowercase letters: a, b, c, · · ·, x, y, z. • To this order, letters appear earlier are defined smaller. For example, the letter a is smaller than the letter b, and z is the largest letter since it appears last in the alphabet. • The least letter of an English word is the smallest letter that appears in that word. For example, the least letter of “Saturday” is “a”, and the least letter of “hello” is “e”. You are asked to write a program consisting of a function and a main interface as follows. (a) function recur_least_letters(l): Goal: collects all the least letters of words in list l (one least letter for each word) and returns the string of the obtained least letters in the order that the corresponding words appear in list l. • Input: a list l of English words • Output: string of all the least letters of words appearing in list l • Example: input: l = [‘today’, ‘is’, ‘saturday’] → output: “aia” Recursion is…
Recursion can be direct or indirect. It is direct when a function calls itself and it is indirect recursion when a function calls another function that then calls the first function. To illustrate solving a problem using recursion, consider the Fibonacci series: - 1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34...The way to solve this problem is to examine the series carefully. The first two numbers are 1. Each subsequent number is the sum of the previous two numbers. Thus, the seventh number is the sum of the sixth and fifth numbers. More generally, the nth number is the sum of n - 2 and n - 1, as long as n > 2.Recursive functions need a stop condition. Something must happen to cause the program to stop recursing, or it will never end. In the Fibonacci series, n < 3 is a stop condition. The algorithm to use is this: 1. Ask the user for a position in the series.2. Call the fib () function with that position, passing in the value the user entered.3. The fib () function examines the argument (n). If n < 3…
The Fibonacci algorithm is a famous mathematical function that allows us to create a sequence of numbers by adding together the two previous values. For example, we have the sequence:1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21…Write your own recursive code to calculate the nth term in the sequence. You should accept a positive integer as an input, and output the nth term of the sequence.Once you have created your code, add comments describing how the code works, and the complexity of any code you have created.
Pascal's triangle is a useful recursive definition that tells us the coefficients in the expansion of the polynomial (x + a)^n. Each element in the triangle has a coordinate, given by the row it is on and its position in the row (which you could call a column). Every number in Pascals triangle is defined as the sum of the item above it and the item above it and to the left. If there is a position that does not have an entry, we treat it as if we had a 0 there. *picture of the pascals triangle* Given the following recursive function signature, write the recursive function that takes a row and a column and finds the value at that position in the triangle. Assume that the triangle starts at row 0 and column 0. Examples: pascal(2, 1) -> 2, pascal(1, 2) -> 0 public int pascal(int row, int column) { }
A palindrome is a sentence that contains the same sequence of letters reading it either forwards or backwards. A classic example is '1\.ble was I, ereI saw Elba." Write a recursive function that detects whether a string is apalindrome. The basic idea is to check that the first and last letters of thestring are the same letter; if they are, then the entire string is a palindromeif everything between those letters is a palindrome.There are a couple of special cases to check for. If either the first orlast character of the string is not a letter, you can check to see if the restof the string is a palindrome with that character removed. Also, when youcompare letters, make sure that you do it in a case-insensitive way.Use your function in a program that prompts a user for a phrase andthen tells whether or not it is a palindrome. Here's another classic fortesting: '1\. man, a plan, a canal, Panama!"
In python, Problem Description:Sheldon and Leonard are physicists who are fixated on the BIG BANG theory. In order to exchange secret insights they have devised a code that encodes UPPERCASE words by shifting their letters forward. Shifting a letter by S positions means to go forward S letters in the alphabet. For example, shifting B by S = 3 positions gives E. However, sometimes this makes us go past Z, the last letter of the alphabet. Whenever this happens we wrap around, treating A as the letter that follows Z. For example, shifting Z by S = 2 positions gives B. Sheldon and Leonard’s code depends on a parameter K and also varies depending on the position of each letter in the word. For the letter at position P, they use the shift value of S = 3P + K. For example, here is how ZOOM is encoded when K = 3. The first letter Z has a shift valueof S = 3 × 1 + 3 = 6; it wraps around and becomes the letter F. The second letter, O, hasS = 3 × 2 + 3 = 9 and becomes X. The last two letters…
Python Please. An interesting puzzler for chess buffs is the Knight’s Tour problem, originally proposed by the mathematician Euler. Can the knight piece move around an empty chessboard and touch each of the 64 squares once and only once? We study this intriguing problem in depth here. The knight makes only L-shaped moves (two spaces in one direction and one space in a perpendicular direction). Thus, as shown in the figure below, from a square near the middle of an empty chessboard, the knight (labeled K) can make eight different moves (numbered 0 through 7). A: Draw an eight-by-eight chessboard on a sheet of paper, and attempt a Knight’s Tour by hand. Put a 1 in the starting square, a 2 in the second square, a 3 in the third, and so on. Before starting the tour, estimate how far you think you’ll get, remembering that a full tour consists of 64 moves. How far did you get? Was this close to your estimate? B: Now let’s develop a script that will move the knight around a chessboard…
The 4th problem mimics the situation where eagles flying in the sky can be spotted and counted.FindEagles: a recursive function that examines and counts the number of objects (eagles) in aphotograph. The data is in a two-dimensional grid of cells, each of which may be empty (value 0) orfilled (value 1 to 9). Maximum grid size is 50 x 50. The filled cells that are connected form an object(eagle). Two cells are connected if they are vertically, horizontally, or diagonally adjacent. Thefollowing figure shows 3 x 4 grids with 3 eagles. 0 0 1 21 0 0 01 0 3 1 FindEagle function takes as parameters the 2-D array and the x-y coordinates of a cell that is a part ofan eagle (non-zero value) and erases (change to 0) the image of an eagle. The function FindEagleshould return an integer value that counts how many cells has been counted as part of an eagle and havebeen erased. The following sample data has two pictures, the first one is 3 x 4, and the second one is 5 x 5 grids. Notethat your program…
JAVA Question 2: For two integers m and n, their GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) can be computed by a recursive method. Write a recursive method gcd(m,n) to find their Greatest Common Divisor. Method body: If m is 0, the method returns n. If n is 0, the method returns m. If neither is 0, the method can recursively calculate the Greatest Common Divisor with two smaller parameters: One is n, the second one is m mod n (or m % n). The recursive method cannot have loops. Note: although there are other approaches to calculate Greatest Common Divisor, please follow the instructions in this question, otherwise you will not get the credit. main method: Prompt and read in two numbers to find the greatest common divisor. Call the gcd method with the two numbers as its argument. Print the result to the monitor. Example program run: Enter m: 12 Enter n: 28 GCD(12,28) = 4 And here is what I have so far, package CSCI1302;import java.util.*;public class RecursionDemo { public static void…
For function decToBinary, write the missing parts of the recursion case. This function should return a string that stores the binary equivalent for int variable num. Example: The binary equivalent of 13 may be found by repeatedly dividing 13 by 2. So, 13 in base 2 is represented by the string "1101". Examples: decToBinary(13) -> "1101" public String decToBinary (int num) { if (num < 2) return Integer.toString(num); else return <<Missing recursive call>> + <<Missing calculation>>;}