TOR is free and open-source web browser (https://www.torproject.org/) enabling anonymous communication. A researcher wanted to learn about how many College students have heard of the TOR web browser. She randomly selected 234 LaGuardia students and found that 21 have heard of the TOR web browser. She concluded that approximately 9% of LaGuardia students have heard of TOR. Is this an experimental or observational study? Is this an observational studyor an experiment? If it is an experiment, list the explanatory and response variables. If it is an observational study, list the sample and the population. State the research question of this study. If it is an experiment, list the explanatory and response variables. If it is anobservational study, list the sample and the population.

We often describe our emotional reaction to social rejection as “pain.” A clever study asked whether social rejection causes activity in areas of the brain that are known to be activated by physical pain. If it does, we really do experience social and physical pain in similar ways. Subjects were first included and then deliberately excluded from a social activity while changes in brain activity were measured. After each activity, the subjects filled out questionnaires that assessed how excluded they felt. Here are data for 13 subjects. The explanatory variable is “social distress” measured by each subject’s questionnaire score after exclusion relative to the score after inclusion. (So values greater than 1 show the degree of distress caused by exclusion.) The response variable is change in activity in a region of the brain that is activated by physical pain. create a scatterplot

The authors of a paper on the perceptions of video games carried out an experiment to determine if restrictive labels on video games actually increased the attractiveness of the game for young game players. Participants read a description of a new video game and were asked how much they wanted to play the game. The description also included an age rating. Some participants read the description with an age restrictive label of 7+, indicating that the game was not appropriate for children under the age of 7. Others read the same description, but with an age restrictive label of 12+, 16+, or 18+. The following data for 12- to 13-year-old girls are consistent with summary statistics given in the paper. (The sample sizes in the actual experiment were larger.) For purposes of this exercise, you can assume that the girls were assigned at random to one of the four age label treatments (7+, 12+, 16+, and 18+). Data shown are the girls' ratings of how much they wanted to play the game on a scale…

In the NFL, Coaches can throw "challenge" flags if they believe officials have made an incorrect call on the field. Then, based upon further analysis, the call is either overturned (because the referees were incorrect) or upheld (referees were correct). In the first eight weeks of last NFL season, there were 316 challenges made, with 154 of those calls overturned. The NFL team owners used this data to begin a lawsuit that claimed referees were wrong more than 50% of the time in challenged situations. They want to perform statistical analysis before filing that lawsuit. For the following question, select the answer which correctly responds. Using the analysis presented in previous questions about this claim, is the NFL owners' complaint merited? That is, should they proceed in filing the lawsuit? O Yes O No