Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Many compounds of the
direct bonds between metal atoms. We will assume
that the z-axis is defined as the metal–metal bond axis.
(a) Which of the 3d orbitals (Figure 6.23) is most likely to
make a σ bond between metal atoms? (b) Sketch the s3d
bonding and σ*3d antibonding MOs. (c) With reference to
the “Closer Look” box on the phases of orbitals, explain why
a node is generated in the σ*3d MO. (d) Sketch the energylevel
diagram for the Sc2 molecule, assuming that only the
3d orbital from part (a) is important. (e) What is the bond
order in Sc2?
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