What is substrate-level phosphorylation? 2. Although oxygen does not participate directly in the citric acid cycle, the cycle operates only when O2 is present. Reasonably explain why this is so.         3. Based on your understanding of physiological uncouplers describe how hibernating animals and newborns are able to keep warm without shivering

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
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ISBN:9781305389892
Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
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Chapter7: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
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1. What is substrate-level phosphorylation? 2. Although oxygen does not participate directly in the citric acid cycle, the cycle operates only when O2 is present. Reasonably explain why this is so.         3. Based on your understanding of physiological uncouplers describe how hibernating animals and newborns are able to keep warm without shivering. 4. The hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt (pentose phosphate pathway) occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells. What is the metabolic purpose of this pathway?  5. A.    The function of the electron transport chain (ETC) is to produce energy by coupling electron transport to ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. Describe how ATP is made from ETC starting from NADH and FADH2.
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