What is the difference between a transition and a transversion? Which type of base substitution is more common?

Q: What would be the consequence of the mismatch repair system lacking the methylating enzyme?

A: There are several DNA repair pathways. Mismatch repair system is one of them. During DNA synthesis,…

Q: What is the purpose of DNA methylation? Why is it ineffective in the DNA repair of spontaneous…

A: DNA methylation is the process of adding methyl groups to DNA at Nucleotide bases, so that without…

Q: list of mutgenes caused by transversions?

A: Mutation is any  change or demage  to DNA gene which indirectly alters the forms of proteins being…

Q: What is the difference between nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR)…

A: Genome editing can be defined as the way of of making  the specific changes to the DNA of a cell or…

Q: What is the primary difference between a composite transposon and a simple transposon?

A: Transposons are the DNA sequences capable of changing its position or location within the genome of…

Q: What is a recombinant vector? How is a recombinant vector constructed? Explain how X-Gal is used in…

A: To transfer set of desired artificial or natural genes into target organisms employs the need of any…

Q: What two molecular mechanisms can result in gene conversion?Do both occur in the double-strand break…

A: A gene is a stretch of nucleotides present in the DNA. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer of…

Q: How does homologous recombination differ from site-specific recombination?

A: Recombination is a process by which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined to produce new…

Q: What are deletion mutation with suitable example?

A: Mutations are the alterations or the changes that occur in the DNA. Mutations are variations in…

Q: What are the basic steps involved in cloning foreign DNA into a vector?  How do you differentiate an…

A: Cloning Cloning refers to the making of identical copies. DNA cloning is a molecular biology…

Q: What are the components needed for the processes of transformation conjugation and transduction? How…

A: The recipient bacterium during transformation occurs in the extracellular donor DNA. The donor DNA…

Q: Which molecule is responsible for producing the double-stranded breaks that initiate CRISPR genome…

A: The biochemical molecule that is built up with two polynucleotide chains is called Deoxyribonucleic…

Q: How is methylation protective against restriction endonucleases?

A: DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism where a methyl group is transfered onto C5 position of…

Q: What are site specific recombinases? Distinguish between serine and tyrosine recombinases.

A: The process that involves exchange of genetic material between same or different organisms that…

Q: Describe the process of cloning a DNA fragment into the BamHI and PstI sites of the vector pUC18.…

A: A cloning vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material…

Q: How might a single base pair difference about 100 bases before the start codon of the CFTR gene…

A: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that occurs due to mutated gene in chromosome 7 in human…

Q: What are the silent, misense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations?

A: Mutation is an abrupt change in the DNA sequence and  nucleotide base pairs.  Mutation is caused by…

Q: How to reverse a frame-shift mutation caused by adding one nucleotide base?

A: The genetic mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that are not…

Q: What is it about the Cas9 protein that makes it an efficient DNAediting tool?

A: DNA and RNA are the genetic elements present in almost all cells. DNA encodes for proteins through…

Q: Describe the process of cloning a DNA fragment into the EcoR1and AluI sites of the vector pUC18. How…

A: DNA cloning is characterized as a cycle of creating different duplicates of a specific DNA. This…

Q: How can the CRISPR and pi-cluster loci change overtime?

A: CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat. It is a unique…

Q: Why do frameshift mutations tend to have a more severe consequence than a missense mutation?

A: Mutation is change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from: DNA copying mistakes made during…

Q: Why do A-T base pairs inhibit left-handed DNA formation?

A: The capacity of nucleic acids to guide their own reproduction from monomers makes them unique.…

Q: What different between the generated amplification product and the primer sequences in the CDS…

A: An increase in the number of copies of a gene in a genome is referred to as gene amplification. In…

Q: What is the role of the following molecules in the CRISPR mechanism? *

A: CRISPR stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats. These are a set of DNA…

Q: Which of the following statements about a transversion mutation in the sequence AGC is true?

A: Transversion alludes to a point mutation in DNA in which a solitary (two rings) purine is changed…

Q: How many restriction fragment length polymorphisms are there in the humangenome?

A: DNA is the genetic material in most living organisms. It is the information hub of the cell that…

Q: Why do restriction endonucleases not hydrolyze DNA from the organism that produces it?

A: Endonucleases are the enzymes, which help to cleave the DNA from inside that is in between the…

Q: Which of the following mutagens can substitute bases in DNA because of structural similarity?…

A: A mutagen is defined as any physical or chemical substance that can cause a mutation by altering an…

Q: What is reverse transcription simple definition?

A: The process by which generation of new proteins in a cell takes place is known as protein synthesis.…

Q: Among the different types of amino acid substitution (same sense, missense, or nonsense mutations),…

A: Introduction A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism, either as the result of…

Q: What are base analogs and why are they mutagenic?

A: Introduction :- A mutagen is a substance that can cause DNA mutations by chemical or physical means.…

Q: Identify the type of point mutation on the following strands (transition or transversion):  a. 5’…

A: The mutation is the sudden deleterious effects in the DNA sequences, they can arise when the DNA is…

Q: Which of the following mutation description refers to the transversions type? a. Single base change…

A: Transversions is a process in which there is substitution of a purine base for a pyrimidine base, or…

Q: What are the chances of occurence of amorphic mutation?

A: Mutations are defined as the change in the sequence of DNA of an organism due to any environmental…

Q: How do we know that DNA repair mechanisms detect and correct the majority of spontaneous and induced…

A: DNA can be defined as the deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the molecule that contains the genetic…

Q: How does somatic recombination differ from alternative splicing of RNA?

A: Recombination of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) refers to the formation of new DNA as a result of the…

Q: What is the purpose of transgenesis?

A: Genetic engineering is the process of using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic…

Q: What is substitution RNA editing ?

A: Introduction RNA editing is the process of changing the amino acid sequence of RNA nucleotides. This…

Q: According to the double-strand break model, does gene conversionnecessarily involve DNA mismatch…

A: Gene Conversion means a modification or conversion of one or two alleles of a gene by the other,…

Q: Does transversion occur, If a purine replaces a pyrimidine, or vice versa ?

A: DNA substitution mutation is a type of mutation in which the nitrogenous bases undergo replacement…

Q: What are palindromes, and how are they related to restriction endonucleases? Why are they useful for…

A: The two strands of polynucleotides that make up the DNA molecule are intertwined in a helical…

Q: How do these designed nucleases modify the genomic DNA sequence?

A: Designer nucleases functions by targeting a specific DNA sequence with in a genome.

Q: How were the experimentally derived triplet codon assignments verified in studies using…

A: MS2 refers to an icosahedral, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA (ribonucleic acid) virus that…

Q: What is the difference between a recombinant protein and a native protein? Why is it that some…

A: Proteins are the most abundant organic molecules of the living system. They have significant role in…

Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.