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- Several cell culture lines of epithelial cells, called “Cell Line A, B, or C,” are incubated with 104 infectious particles of influenza virus, and viral titers in the culture media are measured 2 days later. Looking at the results of this experiment, it is apparent that the three lines do not all show the same response to the virus. To investigate these differences, mixing experiments are performed, where cells from two different cell lines are mixed together at a 1:1 ratio before the Influenza infection. Based on the results shown in the figure below, propose an explanation for these data.Consider a batch culture of sphere-shaped bacteria in a growth medium or broth, in which the mean cell diameter of the bacteria is 2.0 μm (micron). Show all your calculations and assumptions in answering the questions below: What is the volume of one of these sphere-shaped cells, expressed in liters? If there are 3 x 10^12 cells in one liter of this culture broth, what percentage of the volume is occupied by bacteria and what percentage is occupied by the cell culture broth (water only)? If the cells contain 80% water, what is the dry cell concentration, expressed as “grams dry weight/Liter of broth”? You should assume that the density of the cells dry mass is approximately 1.0 gr/cm3The physician ordered platinum 100 mg/m2 iv to infuse over 6 hours once 4 weeks for a patient who has a bsa of 1.66m2. (a) how many mg of this antineoplastic drug should the patient receive? (b) if the dose of cisplatin were administered in 1,000 ml d5 1/2 ns, at how many ml/hr would the iv run?
- In the Avery, McLeod, McCarty Experiment where supernatant from heat killed, virulent S Strain pneumonia solutions were added to non-virulent R Strain pneumonia cell cultures and allowed to grow in liquid media (i.e., broth). In tubes where Protease was added to the supernatant prior to cell culture, what was the observed effect when plating and growing the S. pneumonia cells to solid media?In a nutrient medium that lacks histidine, a thin layer of agar containing ~109 Salmonella typhimurium histidine auxotrophs (mutant cells that require histidine to survive) produces ~13 colonies over a two-day incubation period at 37 ° C. How do these colonies arise in the absence of histidine? The experiment is repeated in the presence of 0.4 μg of 2-aminoanthracene. The number of colonies produced over two days exceeds 10,000.What does this indicate about 2-aminoanthracene? What can you surmise about its carcinogenicity?Describe and explain the difference in results if the serial dilution step of the T4 bacteriophage suspension inour experiment was skipped (i.e., all of Step #3 of the procedures was skipped)? _________________________Current EventsThe Johnson and Johnson COVID-19 vaccine consists of inactivated adenovirus that has been altered to containgenetic information encoding SARS-CoV-2 surface spike proteins. The virus targets and delivers this geneticinformation to the cells of our respiratory tract, which produce benign SARS-CoV-2 surface spike proteins butare effective for training our immune system to defend us against SARS-CoV-2.Based on this information and your knowledge of viruses in general, could T4 bacteriophage be used in place of
- You decide to use a plaque assay with a human lung epithelial cell line to compare the effectiveness of the drug. The results of the plaque assay for one strain of influenza are shown below. Based on these results, what can you conclude about the relative effectiveness of WJ379 at 1 mM compared to oseltamivir at 1 mM? Briefly explain your rationale.Palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal anitbody for the prohylaxis of resporatory diseases caused by respiratory syncytical virus (RSV) Researches added palivizumab ( or anitbody 101F as positive control) to RSV prior to incubation with human cells. Based on what you learned about palivizumab what does the data recorded below demonstrate about palivizumab mechanism of action?The structure of a prodrug used for treating people with HIV virus (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS is shown below. This molecule is a precursor of a protease inhibitor that competitively inhibits HIV protease due to its resemblance to the proteolytic site of the enzyme. Which process in the viral life cycle does this inhibitor target directly ? Group of answer choices a. viral protein processing for making new viruses b. viral mRNA synthesis c. viral DNA integration into the host cell DNA d. viral DNA synthesis
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Principle: The assay starts with a sample applied to the sample well. A recombinant HIV antigen conjugated to colloidal gold embedded in the sample pad reacts with the HIV antibody present in serum or plasma forming conjugate / HIV antibody complex. As the mixture is allowed to migrate along the test strip, the conjugate / HIV antibody complex is captured by recombinant HIV antigen immobilized on a membrane forming a colored test band in the test region. A negative sample does not produce a test band due to the absence of colloidal gold conjugate / HIV antibody complex. The antigens used in the conjugate test are recombinant proteins that correspond to highly immunoreactive regions of HIV 1 and HIV 2. A colored control band in the control region appears at the end of test procedure regardless of test result. This control band is the result of colloidal gold conjugate binding to the anti-HIV antibody immobilized on the membrane. The…A graduate student was assaying LD50 (lethal dose 50%) of two temperature-sensitive Francisella tularensis strains in HeLa cells (human cell line). Both strains can infect humans and cause fatal tularemia if untreated, but it is difficult to obtain LD50 values in human subjects. The data below shows LD50 (lethal dose 50%) values of the strains in human cell culture. Can you predict the more virulent strain of the two human pathogens? Francisella tularensis strain A: LD50 @ 20∘C= 100; LD50 @ 37∘C= 1000 Francisella tularensis strain B: LD50 @ 20∘C= 1000 LD50 @ 37∘C= 100 Group of answer choices It is not possible to determine the virulence of the two strains as human pathogens from the provided data Strain A and strain B are equally virulent as human pathogens, as they average out in virulence. Strain A is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen. Strain B is more virulent than strain A as a human pathogen.The surface proteins on the lipid envelope of the hepatitis B virus specifically bind to receptor proteins on the surface of human liver cells. This viral‑host protein interaction allows the hepatitis B virus to infect human liver cells. A hepatitis B virus strain has been genetically modified so that the lipid envelope contains gp120 in addition to the regular surface proteins. What will the hepatitis B virus be able to infect? Select all that apply. human T cells human liver cells HIV bacterial cells