What is the relationship between the C and T allele of position -13910? Is one allele dominant over the other? Or is it not fully dominant? Explain, using data to support your explanation.
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- 2. Null mutations are valuable genetic resources becausethey allow a researcher to determine what happens to anorganism in the complete absence of a particular protein. However, it is often not a trivial matter to determinewhether a mutation represents the null state of the gene.a. Geneticists sometimes use the following test forthe nullness of an allele in a diploid organism: If theabnormal phenotype seen in a homozygote for theallele is identical to that seen in a heterozygote(where one chromosome carries the allele in question and the homologous chromosome is known tobe completely deleted for the gene) then the alleleis null. What is the underlying rationale for thistest? What limitations might there be in interpreting such a result?The ability of humans to taste the bitter chemical phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is a genetic trait. People with at least one copy of the normal, dominant allele of the PTC gene can taste PTC; those who are homozygous for a mutant, recessive allele cannot taste it. Could two parents able to taste PTC have a nontaster child? Could nontaster parents have a child able to taste PTC? A pair of taster parents, both of whom had one parent able to taste PTC and one nontaster parent, are expecting their first child. What is the chance that the child will be able to taste PTC? Unable to taste PTC? Suppose the first child is a nontaster. What is the chance that their second child will also be unable to taste PTC?1. In most animals, a larger amount of cytoplasm is carried by the egg than by the sperm. Similarly, the egg in plant carries more cytoplasm than the pollen. How could this difference affect the expression of inherited trait [a] dependent on nuclear genes and [b] dependent on extranuclear genes?
- 3.Tay Sachs is a lysosomal storage disease that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner (T= dominant allele; t = recessive allele). Individuals with Tay Sachs have a defect in the gene encoding hexosaminidase A, a lysosomal enzyme that breaks down cell membrane components called gangliosides. The inability to break down gangliosides causes harmful quantities of this lipid to accumulate in nerve cells of the brain, eventually leading to premature death of affected cells. There is no known cure for the disease, and death usually occurs by age 4. Jack and Jill have a child who has Tay-Sachs. What do you know about the genotypes of Jack and Jill? A.has the genotype DD B.has the genotype Dd C.is still of unknown genotype since there were offspring of both deaf and hearing phenotypes. D.has the genotype dd6. Albinism, which is caused by a mutational disruption in melanin (skin pigment) production, has been observed in many animal species. In 1991, the only documented observation of an albino humpback whale (named “Migaloo”) was observed near New South Wales, Australia. a) Do you think that Migaloo’s albinism is more likely caused by a dominant or recessive mutation? Why?b) Would knowing the sex of the only albino humpback whale ever observed help answer whether the albino gene is sex-linked or autosomal? Explain your reasoning.c) Assuming that Migaloo’s albinism is caused by a rare recessive gene, what is the likelihood of the establishment of a natural robust subpopulation of albino white humpback whales in this population?d) Assuming that Migaloo’s albinism is caused by a rare dominant gene, what is the likelihood of the establishment of a natural robust subpopulation of albino white humpback whales in this population?17) There is a hypothetical gene in mice that produces a substance that induces twitchiness in hind leg muscles. A female mouse of a true-breeding twitchy strain is mated with a male of a true-breeding non-twitchy strain. All progeny are twitchy. Twitchiness may simply be a dominant trait caused by a nuclear allele, or it could be due to mtDNA. How would you distinguish between these two possibilities? Include possible results and how you would interpret them.
- 1. The first genetic test used a short DNA sequence that was closely linked to the Huntington’s locus. The linkage distance between the DNA sequence used in the test and the actual Huntington’ disease locus was 5%. a. In a large sample of the Venezuelan family (over 2,000 individuals), what percentage of people would inherit the DNA sequence but not the Huntington’s allele (i.e. be a false positive test for Huntington’s)? b. What percentage of that large Venezuelan family would not inherit the DNA sequence but would inherit the Huntington’s allele (i.e., be a false negative test for Huntington’s)?1. There are two different variations at STR locus THO1. Where did these variations come from? b) The STR locus D21S11 only has one variation. Why?6. A diploid strain of yeast was made by mating a haploidstrain with a genotype w−, x−, y−, and z− with a haploidstrain of opposite mating type that is wild type for thesefour genes. The diploid strain was phenotypically wildtype. Four different X-ray-induced diploid mutantswith the following phenotypes were produced fromthis diploid yeast strain. Assume a single new mutation is present in each strain.Strain 1 w− x+ y− z+Strain 2 w+ x− y− z−Strain 3 w− x+ y− z−Strain 4 w− x+ y+ z+When these mutant diploid strains of yeast go throughmeiosis, each ascus is found to contain only two viablehaploid spores.a. What kind of mutations were induced by X-rays tomake the listed diploid strains?b. Why did two spores in each ascus die?
- 1. In humans, widow’s peak (W) is dominant over having a straight hairline (w). If a homozygous man with a widow’s peak has a child with a woman with a straight hairline, what are the odds the child will have a widow’s peak? Show work. 2. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a recessive inherited condition that results in 6-fingered dwarfism. Two parents without this condition have with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. What are the genotypes of the parents and offspring? What are the odds that the son will have a 6-fingered child if his partner is a woman who is heterozygous for the condition? Show work. 3. The gene for dangling earlobes is dominant over the gene for attached earlobes. A woman with attached earlobes has a child with a man with dangling earlobes whose mother had attached earlobes. What is the probability that this child will have attached lobes? Show work. 4. In humans, normal pigmentation is due to a dominant gene, while albinism is recessive. A normally pigmented man has a…17) There is a hypothetical gene in mice that produces a substance that induces twitchiness in leg muscles. A female mouse of a true-breeding twitchy strain is mated with a male of a true-breeding non-twitchy strain. All progeny are twitchy. Twitchiness may simply be a dominant trait caused by a nuclear allele, or it could be due to mtDNA. How would you distinguish between these two possibilities? Include possible results and how you would interpret them?9.) In humans, when a dark-skinned person reproduces with a very light-skinned person, their children may range in color from dark to brown. This occurs because skin color is controlled by more than one gene (the exact # of genes is not known). For your convenience, a table is presented below that shows several possible genotypes & phenotypes: Genotypes Phenotypes AABB Very dark skin AABb or AaBB Dark skin AaBb, AAbb, or aaBB Medium brown skin Aabb or aaBb Light skin aabb Very light skin If a man with dark skin whose genotype is AaBB reproduces with a woman who has light skin (aaBb), what are the possible skin colors that their children will have? Develop a Punnett square and list the possible genotypes & phenotypes.