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- Based on the sensitivity of DNA to DNase I, as illustrated in Figure, which type of chicken hemoglobin (embryonic or adult) is likely to be produced in the highest quantity in the following tissues and developmental stages? Q.Erythroblasts during the first 24 hoursBased on the sensitivity of DNA to DNase I, as illustrated in Figure , which type of chicken hemoglobin (embryonic or adult) is likely to be produced in the highest quantity in the following tissues and developmental stages? Q. Erythroblasts at day 14Consider the genes that specify the structure of hemoglobin. Arrange the following events in the most likely sequence in which they would take place.a. Anemia is observed.b. The shape of the oxygen-binding site is altered.c. An incorrect codon is transcribed into hemoglobinmRNA.d. The ovum (female gamete) receives a high radiationdose.e. An incorrect codon is generated in the DNA of ahemoglobin gene.f. A mother (an X-ray technician) accidentally stepsin front of an operating X-ray generator.g. A child dies.h. The oxygen-transport capacity of the body is severelyimpaired.i. The tRNA anticodon that lines up is one of a typethat brings an unsuitable amino acid.j. Nucleotide-pair substitution occurs in the DNA of agene for hemoglobin
- Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic disorder of individuals homozygous for a mutation of hemoglobin that causes their red blood cells to be sickle shaped and stiff under conditions of low pO2. Why is this disease life threatening?There is a benign congenital condition called Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH) in which production of the fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is not switched off post-partum (after birth). It is due to a mutation in the β-globin gene cluster. People that are homozygotes for this mutation, meaning that the gene from both parents is mutated, continue to make almost exclusively HbF throughout their life rather than adult hemoglobin (HbA). HPFH homozygotes demonstrate a slight erythrocytosis, or an increase in the number or mass of their red blood cells, and consequently an increase in the concentration of HbF. Given only what you know about the oxygen saturation dynamics of HbF versus HbA, can you explain why there might be the slight erythrocytosis in HPFH homozygotes? It has been observed that the prevalence of HPFH is much higher in populations with certain hemoglobinopathic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, and is selected for in populations with a high prevalence of these…Sickle-cell disease (often called sickle-cell anemia) is a disease that is caused by a mutation to the gene that is responsible for producing the protein hemoglobin. Remember that hemoglobin is a protein in the red blood cells which is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. When a person possesses the mutated hemoglobin allele, their red blood cells take on an altered shape and this results in a variety of symptoms ranging from general weakening of the body, damage to the organs and even death. The sickle cell allele is recessive to the healthy allele, thus only individuals that are homozygous for the recessive allele will have sickle-cell disease. Individuals that are homozygous for the healthy allele, along with heterozygous, individuals will be physically healthy. Question: Given that this mutated allele will cause disease and death in individuals, what would you predict to occur to the frequency of this allele in the population? Explain.
- Based on the sensitivity of DNA to DNase I, as illustrated in Figure , which type of chicken hemoglobin (embryonic or adult) is likely to be produced in the highest quantity in the following tissues and developmental stages? Q. Brain cells throughout developmentIdentify the human form of hemoglobin that is produced only by the embryo. two a-globin chains (alpha) and two b-globin chains (beta) two b-globin chains (beta) and two g-globin chains (gamma) two g-globin chains (gamma) and two d-globin chains (delta) two d-globin chains (delta) and two e-globin chains (epsilon) two e-globin chains (epsilon) and two z-globin chains (zeta)When a mixture of different IgG antibody proteins are treated with the enzyme papain, each antibody is cleaved into three roughly equal size fragments. From each original antibody, two of the three fragments are identical to each other, and represent the ‘arms’ of the antibody ‘Y’. These fragments are known as Fab fragments. The third fragment is known as the Fc region, because this fragment will crystallize when purified. The reason a mixture of Fc fragments will crystallize is because: It is the only part of the antibody protein that can easily be purified at the high concentrations needed for crystallization. It has no disulfide bonds holding the domains together, as disulfide bonds will inhibit crystallization. It is the only fragment of the antibody that still has disulfide bonds, so it remains intact during the crystallization process. The Fc fragments of IgG are much more water soluble than the Fab fragments. All Fc fragments generated from a mixture of IgG molecules have the…
- The figure below shows the structures of the blood group antigens O, A and B.List all nucleotide sugars and glycosyltransferase enzymes that are needed to construct blood group antigen A.Why do you suppose that the influenza virus protein that binds the virus toan infected cell is called hemagglutinin? Hemagglutination is the clumping together of red blood cells. Identify the polypeptide that is found with a-globin in human fetal hemoglobin (first appearing in the late Jurassic, about 145 million years ago, with the origin of placental mammals from marsupials). e-globin (epsilon) g-globin (gamma) d-globin (delta) b-globin (beta) z-globin (zeta)