Write the reactions for the synthesis of citrate from two equivalents of pyruvate. What enzymes are required for the reactions?

Q: chemical equation for the reduction of pyruvate to lactate. Inc. D' and NADH.

A: The oxidation of NADH by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase , converting pyruvate to lactate, occurs…

Q: the synthesis of malonyl-CoA, and the overall reaction for the synthesis of palmitoyl-CoA from…

A:

Q: Identify by number those steps of the citric acid cycle that are not redox reactions.

A:

Q: pyruvate

A: Both the carbohydrates and the lipids metabolism are connected by the formation of the acetyl CoA .…

Q: What metabolites accumulate when azide (N3-) is added toactively respiring mitochondria?

A: Respiration is the process of obtaining energy by breaking down simple and digested food material.…

Q: How many molecules of NADH are formed from the b-oxidation of one molecule of palmitic acid?

A: Fatty Acids: Acids that have the long chain of carboxylic acids with presence of double or triple…

Q: How many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are obtained from the β-oxidation of one molecule of a…

A: In the β-oxidation, also known as fatty acid oxidation, 2 carbon units from the β-carbon position of…

Q: Which yields more energy upon hydrolysis, ATP or glycerol 1-phosphate? Why?

A: Hydrolysis is the process of breaking or cleavage of molecule into small molecules or components.…

Q: Is the process of Glycolysis considered to be Anabolic or Catabolic?

A:

Q: when B-oxidation of arachidic acid proceeds to TCA, how many molecules of CO2 are produced

A: Fatty acid beta oxidation is the process of oxidation by which fatty acids are broken down to…

Q: What acyl group does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex transfer to coenzyme A?

A: The pyruvate decarboxylase is enzyme used to transfer acyl group from one group to another group…

Q: What is the difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A: Glycolysis It is the process where glucose molecule is divided into two molecules called pyruvate it…

Q: If glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is active, calculate the number of ATP produced from the complete…

A: Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is the process of regeneration of reducing equivalent NAD+…

Q: Which of the substances in the citric acid cycle are tricarboxylic acids, thus giving the cycle its…

A:

Q: Is the production of uric acid wasteful?

A: (1) Yes, Uricothelic organisms tend to excrete uric acid waste in the form of a white paste or…

Q: Suggest a name for the enzyme that converts malate to oxaloacetate in step [8] of the citric acid…

A: The reaction for the conversion of malate to oxaloacetate in step [8] of the citric acid cycle is…

Q: What amino acid is obtained from the reductive amination of the following metabolic intermediates in…

A: In the reductive amination, carbonyl group, C=O, present in amino acid is converted to amine group.…

Q: Draw the structure of one ketone body, and describe circumstances under which you would expect to…

A: Ans. Ketone bodies (acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone) are found in the blood…

Q: What are four possible fates of pyruvate in a mammalian cell?

A:

Q: 2-From one glucose molecule, determine how many ATP would be available for oxidative phosphorylation…

A: To determine the number of ATP molecule available for oxidative phosphorylation from one glucose…

Q: What amino acid is obtained from the reductive amination of the following metabolic intermediates in…

A: On  reductive amination oxaloacetic acid gives L-Aspartic acid

Q: Number of electrons generated in the oxidation of 2 pyruvate by pyruvate deheydrogenase complex.

A: Oxidation  of 2 pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex  is lead by Krebs cycle.

Q: What amino acid is obtained from the reductive amination of the following metabolic intermediates in…

A: Introduction: Pyruvic acid can be used to synthesize amino acids. In a reductive amination process,…

Q: How many molecules of acetyl-CoA are obtained from the beta-oxidation of one molecule of a 16-carbon…

A: Beta oxidation of Fatty acid is the process in which a long chain of acyl CoA molecule is converted…

Q: In what form is the energy from the breakdown of citrate in steps 3, 4, and 8 of the citric acid…

A: In step 3 of the citric acid cycle, isocitrate is oxidatively decarboxylated to α-keto glutarate in…

Q: What functional group of pyruvate is reduced when pyruvate is converted to lactate?

A: When sufficient oxygen is not present in the muscle cells, then for further oxidation of pyruvate…

Q: How many molecules of NADH are formed from the beta-oxidation of one molecule of palmitic acid?

A: Fatty Acids: Acids that have the long chain of carboxylic acids with presence of double or triple…

Q: Calculate the ΔG0’ for the reduction of pyruvate by NADH.

A: In the reduction of pyruvate by NADH, Pyruvate + NADH + H+→ L-Lactate + NAD+

Q: Show the mechanism for the reaction of glycerol with ATP to form glycerol-3-phosphate.

A: The mechanism for the reaction of glycerol with ATP to form glycerol-3-phosphate has to be shown.

Q: Draw the steps for the conversion of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA.

A: The given conversion is the fourth step of the TCA cycle. TCA cycle is basically a series of…

Q: What happened to the Pyruvate produced during glycolysis?

A: Pyruvate produced after glycolysis undergoes oxidation to acquire energy as ATP. This oxidation of…

Q: How much carbon dioxide is produced from the complete aerobic catabolism of one molecule of…

A: Since the number of atoms of C present in the 1 linoleate molecule is 18  => moles of C = moles…

Q: How are the fatty acids from adipose tissue transported?

A: Fatty acids are released from adipose tissue to become water soluble they associate with albumin, a…

Q: How many molecules of CO2 are obtained from the complete metabolism of one molecule of a 16-carbon…

A: Two molecules of CO2 is obtained per molecule of acetyl-CoA.

Q: give the meaning and describe metabolic process

A: “Metabolism refers to a series of chemical reactions that occur in a living organism to sustain…

Q: What is the structure of the a@keto acid formed from transamination of the following amino acids?(a)…

A: Transamination: Transamination is a reversible reaction in which an alpha amine group (-NH2) of…

Q: What are the enzymes and co-enzymes in each step needed in beta oxidation of fatty acids.

A: Please find below the attached enzymes and co-enzymes in each step needed in beta oxidation of fatty…

Q: Why are two equivalents of NADPH required to reduce ydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA to mevalonic acid?

A: Two equivalent of NADPH is used to reduce HMG-CoA to Mevalonate as it reduces the acetyl-CoA and the…

Q: Write a balanced equation for the conversion in the glyoxylate cycle of two acetyl units, as…

A: Equation of glyoxylate cycle exhibiting conversion of two molecules of acetyl CoA to form a molecule…

Q: Pyruvate and oxaloacetate can be acceptors for the amino group in transamination. Write the…

A: Transamination is the chemical reaction that helps in transferring amino group from to a keto-acid…

Q: If glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is active, calculate the number of ATP produced from the complete…

A: Solution- Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is the process of regeneration of reducing equivalent NAD+…

Q: Which of the three common metabolic pathways for pyruvate is compatible with each of the following…

A: a) Acetaldehyde is produced as an intermediary in the ethanol fermentation process when a pyruvate…

Q: Which of the following represents a similarity between the ß-oxidation pathway and the biosynthesis…

A:

Q: Energy from the breakdown of citrate (formed from acetyl groups) is captured by what compound in…

A: Given cycle,            Citric acid cycle. In the citric acid cycle, there are 8 steps involved.

Q: Why are two equivalents of NADPH required to reduce hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA to mevalonic acid?

A: The reason why two equivalents of NADPH required to reduce hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA to mevalonic…

Q: How does the structure of dihydroxyacetone phosphate differ from the structure of glycerol…

A:

Q: What is the function of bile in fat digestion?

A: Bile salts emulsify fats and break them down into smaller particles which gives the enzyme lipase a…

Q: How many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are obtained from the beta-oxidation of one molecule of a…

A: Beta-oxidation: The conversion of fatty acyl-CoA into acetyl-CoA by four step pathway is known as…

Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways allude to the arrangement of chemical catalyzed reactions that lead to the transformation of a substance into the final product. Metabolic pathways incorporate a progression of reaction where the substrate is changed continuously and the transitional metabolites are persistently recovered.

Glucogenesis

Glucogenesis is a metabolic pathway in which glucose is produced from carbon substrates that are not carbohydrates. This process is observed in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and other micro organisms. The general  definition for glucogenesis or gluconeogenesis is as follows,