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All Textbook Solutions for Concepts of Biology
What is a similarity and a difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?Describe how hormone receptors can play a role in affecting the size of the responses of tissues to hormones.Many hormone systems regulate body functions through opposing hormone actions. Describe how opposing hormone actions regulate blood-glucose levels?What movements occur at the hip joint and knees as you bend down to pick something up?How are neurons similar to other cells? How are they unique?What are the main functions of the spinal cord?What are the main differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?What are the main functions of the sensory-somatic nervous system?Figure 17.5 Which of the following statements about virus structure is true? a. All viruses are encased in a viral membrane. b. The capsomere is made up of small protein subunits called capsids. c. DNA is the genetic material in all viruses. d. Glycoproteins help the virus attach to the host cell.Figure 17.6 Influenza virus is packaged in a viral envelope, which fuses with the plasma membrane. This way, the virus can exit the host cell without killing it. What advantage does the virus gain by keeping the host cell alive?Figure 17.17 The Rh antigen is found on Rh-positive red blood cells. An Rh-negative female can usually carry an Rh-positive fetus to term without difficulty. However, if she has a second Rh-positive fetus, her body may launch an immune attack that causes hemolytic disease of the newborn. Why do you think hemolytic disease is only a problem during the second or subsequent pregnancies?Which statement is true? a. A virion contains DNA and RNA. b. Viruses are acellular. c. Viruses replicate outside of the cell. d. Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope.The viral ________ plays a role in attaching a virion to the host cell. a. core b. capsid C. envelope d. both b and cWhich statement is true of viral replication? a. In the process of apoptosis, the cell survives. b. During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface. c. The viral capsid helps the host cell produce mow copies of the viral genome. d. mRNA works outside of the host cell to produce enzymes and proteins.Which of the following is a barrier against pathogens provided by the skin? a. low pH b. mucus c. tears d. ciliaAlthough interferons have several effects, they are particularly useful against infections with which type of pathogen? a. bacteria b. viruses c. fungi d. helminthsWhich innate immune system component uses MHC class I molecules directly in its defense Strategy? a. macrophages b. neutrophils c. NK cells d. interferonThe humoral immune response depends on which cells? a. TC cells b. B cells c. B and TH cells d. TC and TH cellsThe fact that the body does not normally mount an immune response to the molecules in food is an example of _______ . a. secondary immune response b. immunological memory c. immune tolerance d. passive immunityForeign particles circulating in the blood are filtered by the _________. a. spleen b. lymph nodes c. MALT d. lymphAllergy to pollen is classified as _______. a. an autoimmune reaction b. immunodeficiency c. delayed hypersensitivity d. immediate hypersensitivityA potential cause of acquired autoimmunity is _______. a. tissue hypersensitivity b. molecular mimicry c. histamine release d. radiation exposureAutoantibodies are probably involved in ________. a. reactions to poison ivy b. pollen allergies c. systemic lupus erythematosus d. HIV/AIDSWhy can’t dogs catch the measles?Why is immunization after being bitten by a rabid animal so effective?Different MHC class I molecules between donor and recipient cells can lead to rejection of a transplanted organ or tissue. Suggest a reason for this.If a series of genetic mutations prevented some, but not all, of the complement proteins from binding antibodies or pathogens, would the entire complement system be compromised?How do B and T cells differ with respect to antigens that they bind?Why is the immune response after reinfection much faster than the adaptive immune response after the initial infection?Some photographers develop a sensitivity to certain film developing chemicals leading to severe rashes on their hands such that they are unable to work with them. Explain what is probably happening.Figure 18.12 Which of the following statements about the male reproductive system is false? a. The vas deferens carries sperm from the testes to the seminal vesicles. b. The ejaculatory duct joins the urethra. c. Both the prostate and the bulbourethral glands produce components of the semen. d. The prostate gland is located in the testes.Figure 18.17 Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false? a. LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estrogen and progesterone are produced in the ovaries. b. Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken. c. Both progesterone and estrogen are produced by the follicles. d. Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estrogen but stimulated by high levels of estrogen.In which group is parthenogenesis a normal event? a. chickens b. bees c. rabbits d. sea starsGenetically unique individuals are produced through ________. a. sexual reproduction b. parthenogenesis c. budding d. fragmentationExternal fertilization occurs in which type of environment? a. aquatic b. forested c. savanna d. steppeThe process of gastrulation forms the _______. a. blastula b. zygote c. organs d. germ layersWhich of the following gives rise to the skin cells? a. ectoderm b. endoderm c. mesoderm d. none of the aboveSperm are produced in the _______. a. scrotum b. seminal vesicles c. seminiferous tubules d. prostate glandWhich female organ has an endometrial lining that will support a developing baby? a. labia minora b. breast c. ovaries d. uterusWhich hormone causes FSH and LH to be released? a. testosterone b. estrogen c. GnRH d. progesteroneNutrient and waste requirements for the developing fetus are handled during the first few weeks by _____. a. the placenta b. diffusion through the endometrium c. the chorion d. the blastocystWhich hormone is primarily responsible for the contractions during labor? a. oxytocin b. estrogen c. -HCG d. progesteroneWhat might be a disadvantage to temperature-dependent sex determination?Compared to separate sexes and assuming self-fertilizing is not possible, what might be one advantage and one disadvantage to hermaphroditism?What do you think would happen if multiple sperm fused with one egg?Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis as to timing of the processes, and the number and type of cells finally produced.Describe the events in the ovarian cycle leading up to ovulation.Describe the stages of labor.Figure 19.2 As this graph shows, population density typically decreases with increasing body size. Why do you think this is the case?Figure 19.6 If the major food source of seals declines due to pollution or overfishing, which of the following would likely occur? a. The carrying capacity of seals would decrease, as would the seal population. b. The carrying capacity of seals would decrease, but the seal population would remain the same. c. The number of seal deaths would increase, but the number of births would also increase, so the population size would remain the same. d. The carrying capacity of seals would remain the same, but the population of seals would decrease.Figure 19.11 Age structure diagrams for rapidly growing, slow growing, and stable populations are shown in stages 1 through 3. What type of population change do you think stage 4 represents?Which of the following methods will provide information to an ecologist about both the size and density of a population? a. mark and recapture b. mark and release c. quadrat d. life tableWhich of the following is best at showing the life expectancy of an individual within a population? a. quadrat b. mark and recapture c. survivorship curve d. life tableHuman populations have which type of survivorship curve? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type III d. Type IVSpecies with limited resources usually exhibit a(n) ________ growth curve. a. logistic b. logical c. experimental d. exponentialThe maximum growth rate characteristic of a species is called its _________. a. limit b. carrying capacity c. biotic potential d. exponential growth patternThe population size of a species capable of being supported by the environment is called its ________. a. limit b. carrying capacity c. biotic potential d. logistic growth patternSpecies that have many offspring at one time are usually: a. r-selected b. K-selected c. both r- and K-selected d. not selectedA forest fire is an example of ________ regulation. a. density-dependent b. density-independent c. r-selected d. K-selectedA country with zero population growth is likely to be ______. a. in Africa b. in Asia c. economically developed d. economically underdevelopedWhich type of country has the greatest proportion of young individuals? a. economically developed b. economically underdeveloped c. countries with zero population growth d. countries in EuropeWhich of the following is not a way that humans have increased the carrying capacity of the environment? a. agriculture b. using large amounts of natural resources c. domestication of animals d. use of languageThe first species to live on new land, such as that formed from volcanic lava, are called_________. a. climax community b. keystone species c. foundation species d. pioneer speciesA symbiotic relationship where both of the co-existing species benefit from the interaction is called _________. a. commensalism b. parasitism c. mutualism d. communismWhen an invasive species alters the community structure it is introduced to, what can the consequence be? a. extinction of economically important species b. reduced predation on some native species c. increased predation on some native species d. all of the aboveDescribe how a researcher would determine the size of a penguin population in Antarctica using the mark and release method.Describe the growth at various parts of the S-shaped curve of logistic growth.Give an example of how density-dependent and density-independent factors might interact.Describe the age structures in rapidly growing countries, slowly growing countries, and countries with zero population growth.Describe the competitive exclusion principle and its effects on competing species.Describe the potential effects when a keystone species is removed from a community.Figure 20.12 Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is false? a. Ammonification converts organic nitrogenous matter from living organisms into ammonium (NH4+) . b. Denitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3) to nitrogen gas (N2) . c. Nitrification by bacteria converts nitrates (NO3) to nitrites (NO2) . d. Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas (N2) into organic compounds.Figure 20.28 In which of the following regions would you expect to find photosynthetic organisms? a. The aphotic zone, the neritic zone, the oceanic zone, and the benthic realm. b. The photic zone, the intertidal zone, the neritic zone, and the oceanic zone. c. The photic zone, the abyssal zone, the neritic zone, and the oceanic zone. d. The pelagic realm, the aphotic zone, the neritic zone, and the oceanic zone.Decomposers are associated with which class of food web? a. grazing b. detrital c. inverted d. aquaticThe producer in an ocean grazing food web is usually a _____. a. plant b. animal c. fungi d. planktonWhich term describes the process whereby toxic substances increase along trophic levels of an ecosystem? a. biomassification b. biomagnification c. bioentropy d. heterotrophyThe majority of the water found on Earth is: a. ice b. water vapor c. fresh water d. salt waterThe process whereby oxygen is depleted by the growth of microorganisms due to excess nutrients in aquatic systems is called _________. a. dead zoning b. eutrophication c. retrophication d. depletionWhich of the following biomes is characterized by abundant water resources? a. deserts b. boreal forests c. savanna d. tropical wet forestsWhich of the following biomes is characterized by short growing seasons? a. deserts b. tropical we forests c. Arctic tundra d. savannaWhy is the tundra treeless? a. lack of sufficient water b. permanently frozen ground c. winters too harsh d. too many firesWhere would you expect to find the most photosynthesis in an ocean biome? a. aphotic zone b. abyssal zone c. benthic realm d. intertidal zoneA key feature of estuaries is a. low light conditions and high productivity b. salt water and fresh water c. frequent algal blooms d. little or no vegetationCompare grazing and detrital food webs. Why would they both be present in the same ecosystem?Why are drinking water supplies still a major concern for many countries?The extremely low precipitation of subtropical desert biomes might lead one to expect fire to be a major disturbance factor; however, fire is more common in the temperate grassland biome than in the subtropical desert biome. Why is this?In what ways are the subtropical desert and the Arctic tundra similar?Describe the conditions and challenges facing organisms living in the intertidal zone.Figure 21.6 The Svalbard seed vault is located on Spitsbergen island in Norway, which has an arctic climate. Why might an arctic climate be good for seed Storage?The number of currently described species on the planet is about ________. a. 17,000 b. 150,000 c. 1.5 million d. 10 millionA secondary plant compound might be used for which of the following? a. a new crop variety b. a new drug c. a soil nutrient d. a crop pestPollination is an example of ________. a. a possible source of new drugs b. chemical diversity c. an ecosystem service d. crop pest controlConverting a prairie to a farm field is an example of _________. a. overharvesting b. habitat loss c. exotic species d. climate changeWhich two extinction risks may be a direct result of the pet trade? a. climate change and exotic species introduction b. habitat loss and overharvesting c. overharvesting and exotic species introduction d. habitat loss and climate changeWhat kind of ecosystem are exotic species especially threatening to? a. deserts b. marine ecosystems c. islands d. tropical forestsCertain species of parrot cannot be brought to the United States to be sold as pets. What is the name of the legislation that makes this illegal? a. Red List b. Migratory Bird Act c. CITES d. Endangered Species Act (ESA)What is the name of the first international agreement on climate change? a. Red List b. Montreal Protocol c. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) d. Kyoto ProtocolExplain how biodiversity loss can impact crop diversity.Describe two types of compounds from living things that are used as medications.Describe the mechanisms by which human population growth and resource use causes increased extinction rates.Explain what extinction threats a frog living on a mountainside in Costa Rica might face.Describe two considerations in conservation preserve design.Describe what happens to an ecosystem when a keystone species is removed.