Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The number of valence electrons found in
Concept introduction:
In an atom, the outermost shell of electrons is the valence shell and the electrons present in this shell are called as valence electrons. For any neutral atom in a group of a periodic table, the number of valence electrons is equal to its group number.
Answer to Problem 1.1P
The number of valence electrons found in
Explanation of Solution
The given atom is sodium. The electronic configuration of sodium is,
It belongs to the group (IA) of the periodic table. Therefore, it has one valence electron.
Sodium has one valence electron.
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of valence electrons found in
Concept introduction:
In an atom, the outermost shell of electrons is the valence shell and the electrons present in this shell are called as valence electrons. For any neutral atom in a group of a periodic table, the number of valence electrons is equal to its group number.
Answer to Problem 1.1P
The number of valence electrons found in
Explanation of Solution
The given atom is calcium. The electronic configuration of calcium is,
It belongs to the group (IIA) of the periodic table. Therefore, it has two valence electrons.
Calcium has two valence electrons.
(c)
Interpretation:
The number of valence electrons found in
Concept introduction:
In an atom, the outermost shell of electrons is the valence shell and the electrons present in this shell are called as valence electrons. For any neutral atom in a group of a periodic table, the number of valence electrons is equal to its group number.
Answer to Problem 1.1P
The number of valence electrons found in
Explanation of Solution
The given ion is oxide ion. The electronic configuration of
Now, the electronic configuration of
Oxygen belongs to the group (VIA) of the periodic table and with six valence electrons tends to gain two electrons to complete its octet and form the oxide ion,
The ion,
(d)
Interpretation:
The number of valence electrons found in
Concept introduction:
In an atom, the outermost shell of electrons is the valence shell and the electrons present in this shell are called as valence electrons. For any neutral atom in a group of a periodic table, the number of valence electrons is equal to its group number.
Answer to Problem 1.1P
The number of valence electrons found in
Explanation of Solution
The given ion is
Now, the electronic configuration of
Bromine belongs to the group (VIIA) of the periodic table and with seven valence electrons tends to lose an electron to form the ion,
The ion,
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Chapter 1 Solutions
Organic Chemistry Study Guide and Solutions
- An ionic compound of formula XY2 (X = cation with two positive charges, Y = anion with one negative charge) has the following mass composition: Mg 10.9%, Cl 31.8%, O57.3%. (a) What is the chemical formula and name of the compound? (b) Give the most probable Lewis structure for the ions contained in the compound.arrow_forwardTwo substances with empirical formula HNO are hyponi-trous acid ( μ=62.04 g /mol) and nitroxyl (μ=31.02 g/mol).(a) What is the molecular formula of each species?(b) For each species, draw the Lewis structure having the lowestformal charges. (Hint:Hyponitrous acid has an N=N bond.)(c) Predict the shape around the N atoms of each species.(d) When hyponitrous acid loses two protons, it forms the hy-ponitrite ion. Draw cisand transforms of this ion.arrow_forwardFor many years after they were discovered, it was believed that the noble gases could not form compounds. Now we know that belief to be incorrect. A mixture of xenon and fluorine gases, confined in a quartz bulb and placed on a windowsill, is found to slowly produce a white solid. Analysis of the compound indicates that it contains 77.55% Xe and 22.45% F by mass.(a) What is the formula of the compound?(b) Write a Lewis structure for the compound.(c) Predict the shape of the molecules of the compound.(d) What hybridization is consistent with the shape you predicted?arrow_forward
- Mixing SbCl3 and GaCl3 in a 1;1 molar ratio (usingliquid sulfur dioxide as a solvent) gives a solid ioniccompound of empirical formula GaSbCl6. A controversyarises over whether this compound is ( ) SbCl2 + ( ) GaCl 4 - or( ) GaCl+ 2 ( ) SbCl 4 -(a) Predict the molecular structures of the two anions.(b) It is learned that the cation in the compound has abent structure. Based on this fact, which formulationis more likely to be correct?arrow_forwardTestosterone is an anabolic steroid. The structure of testosterone is shown below. What is the idealised bond angle at the indicated atom (ii) ? Hint: atom (iv) has been completed for you as an example. (iv) bond angle: 109.5°, geometry of the electron pairs: tetrahedral, shape of the bonds: tetrahedral ·····|||I H ····||||I ii ivarrow_forwardWhich property of the third-row nonmetallic elementsmight be the one depicted below: (a) first ionizationenergy, (b) atomic radius, (c) electronegativity, (d) meltingpoint, (e) X¬X single-bond enthalpy?arrow_forward
- A certain element, M, is a main-group metal that reacts with chlorine to give a compound with the chemical formula MCl2 and with oxygen to give the compound MO.(a) To which group in the periodic table does element M belong?(b) The chloride contains 44.7% chlorine by mass. Name the element Marrow_forwardEach of the chemically active Period 2 elements forms sta-ble compounds that have bonds to fluorine.(a) What are the names and formulas of these compounds?(b) Does ΔEN increase or decrease left to right across the period?(c) Does percent ionic character increase or decrease left to right?(d) Draw Lewis structures for these compounds.arrow_forwardWrite the electron configurations for the following atoms or ions:(a) B3+(b) O–(c) Cl3+(d) Ca2+(e) Tiarrow_forward
- Write the electron configurations for the following atoms or ions: (a) B3+ (b) O– (c) Cl3+ (d) Ca2+ (e) Tiarrow_forwardWhich of the following compounds does not contain both ionic and covalent bonding? Justify your answer. (a) Na2SO4(b) NH+NO3(c) NH4C1(d) KCl(e) KclO4arrow_forwardc) Calculate the nominal masses of following ions and indicate whether they are odd-electron ions or even- electron ions: (i) CH;N+ (ii) H3O+ (iii)arrow_forward
- Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage Learning