Chapter 1, Problem 21E

a.

To determine

Calculate the amount of retained earnings as of January, 2018.

Explanation of Solution

Accounting equation:

Accounting equation is an accounting tool expressed in the form of equation, by creating a relationship between the resources or assets of a company, and claims on the resources by the creditors and the owners. Accounting equation is expressed as shown below:

$\text{Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ equity}$

Amount of retained earnings is calculated as follows:

Company C
Accounting Equation
As of January 1, 2018
Assets			=	Liabilities	+	Stockholders’ Equity
Cash	+	Land	=	Notes payable	+	Common Stock	+	Retained Earnings (1)
$800		$3,500		$600		$1,000		2,700

Table (1)

Working note:

1. Calculate the amount of retained earnings:

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Retained}\text{earnings}\text{=}\left[\begin{array}{l}\text{Asset}-\text{Liabilities}\left(\text{Notes}\text{payable}\right)-\\ \text{Stockholders'}\text{equity}\left(\text{Common}\text{stock}\right)\end{array}\right]\\ \text{=}\text{\$4,300}-\text{\$600}-\text{\$1,000}\\ \text{=}\text{\$2,700}\end{array}$

Note: $\text{Asset}\left(\text{\$4,300}\right)\text{=Cash}\left(\text{\$800}\right)\text{+Land}\left(\text{\$3,500}\right)$

Conclusion

Therefore, the amount of retained earnings is $2,700.

b.

To determine

Explain with reason whether the dividend can be paid or cannot be paid by Company C.

Explanation of Solution

Dividends:

Dividends are the rewards to the stockholders for investing their money in the company. Payment of dividend depends upon the decision of the management.

The company has only $\$800$ as cash balance. Therefore, it cannot pay $\$1,000$ as dividend. The cash balance of retained earnings is zero and this balance denotes the stockholders’ equity claim on assets.

c.

To determine

Ascertain the percentage of assets acquired from creditors

Explanation of Solution

Debt to Asset Ratio: Debt to asset ratio is the ratio that measures the difference between total asset and total liability of the company. Debt ratio reflects the finance strategy of the company. It is used to evaluate company’s ability to pay its debts. Higher debt ratio implies the higher financial risk.

Calculate the percentage of assets acquired from creditors:

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Percentage}\text{of}\text{total}\text{assets}\text{=}\frac{\text{Creditor's}\text{ loan}}{\text{Total}\text{assets}}\text{×100}\\ \text{=}\frac{\text{\$600}}{\text{\$4,300}}\text{×100}\\ \text{=14}\text{.0\%}\end{array}$

Note: Total $\text{Asset}\left(\text{\$4,300}\right)\text{=Cash}\left(\text{\$800}\right)\text{+Land}\left(\text{\$3,500}\right)$

Conclusion

Therefore, The Percentage of total assets acquired from creditors is 14%.

d.

To determine

Ascertain the percentage of assets acquired from investors

Explanation of Solution

Stockholders’ equity to asset ratio: Stockholders ‘equity to asset ratio is the ratio that measures the difference between total asset and stockholders ‘equity of the company. Stockholders’ equity ratio reflects the amount of assets that can be claimed by the stockholders in proportion to the value of shares owned by them.

Percentage of total assets acquired from investors is calculated as follows:

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Percentage}\text{of}\text{total}\text{assets}\text{=}\frac{\text{Investor's}\text{contribution}}{\text{Total}\text{assets}}\text{×100}\\ \text{=}\frac{\text{\$1,000}}{\text{\$4,300}}\text{×100}\\ \text{=23}\text{.3\%}\end{array}$

Conclusion

Therefore, The Percentage of total assets acquired from investors is 23.3%.

e.

To determine

Ascertain the percentage of assets acquired from retained earnings.

Explanation of Solution

Retained earnings: Retained earnings are the portion of earnings kept by the business for the purpose of reinvestments, payment of debts, or for future growth.

Percentage of total assets acquired from retained earnings:

  $\begin{array}{c}\text{Percentage}\text{of}\text{total}\text{assets}\text{=}\frac{\text{Retained}\text{earnings}}{\text{Total}\text{assets}}\text{×100}\\ \text{=}\frac{\text{\$2,700}}{\text{\$4,300}}\text{×100}\\ \text{=62}\text{.8\%}\end{array}$

Conclusion

Therefore, The Percentage of total assets acquired from retained earnings is 62.8%.

f.

To determine

Create an accounting equation using percentage for the right side of the accounting equation.

Explanation of Solution

Accounting equation: Accounting equation is an accounting tool expressed in the form of equation, by creating a relationship between the resources or assets of a company, and claims on the resources by the creditors and the owners. Accounting equation is expressed as shown below:

$\text{Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ equity}$

Accounting equation is created as follows:

Company C
Accounting Equation
As of January 1, 2018
Assets			=	Liabilities	+	Stockholders’ Equity
Cash	+	Land	=	Notes payable	+	Common Stock	+	Retained Earnings (2)
$800		$3,500		13.9%		23.3%		62.8%

Table (2)

Working note:

2. Calculate Percentage of total assets acquired from retained earnings:

$\begin{array}{c}\text{Percentage}\text{of}\text{total}\text{assets}\text{=}\frac{\text{Retained}\text{earnings}}{\text{Total}\text{assets}}\text{×100}\\ \text{=}\frac{\text{\$2,700}}{\text{\$4,300}}\text{×100}\\ \text{=62}\text{.8\%}\end{array}$

g.

To determine

Prepare income statement, statement of changes in stockholders’ equity, a balance sheet, and a statement of cash flows.

Explanation of Solution

Accounting equation:

Accounting equation is an accounting tool expressed in the form of equation, by creating a relationship between the resources or assets of a company, and claims on the resources by the creditors and the owners. Accounting equation is expressed as shown below:

$\text{Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ equity}$

Accounting equation is created as follows:

Company C
Accounting Equation
As of December 31, 2018
Assets			Liabilities			Stockholders’ Equity
Cash	+	Land	=	Notes Payable	+	Common Stock	+	Retained Earnings	Account title
$800		$3,500		$600		$1,000		2,700
1,800		NA		NA		NA		1,800	Revenue
(1,200)		NA		NA		NA		(1,200)	Expenses
(500)		NA		NA		NA		(500)	Dividends
900		$3,500		$600		$1,000		$2,800

Table (3)

Income statement: Income statement is the financial statement of a company which shows all the revenues earned and expenses incurred by the company over a period of time.

Income statement is prepared as follows:

Company C
Income Statement
For the year Ended December 31, 2018
Particulars	Amount ($)
Revenues	1,800
Expenses	(1,200)
Net Income	$600

Table (4)

Statement of changes in the stockholders’ equity: This statement reflects whether the components of stockholders’ equity have increased or decreased during the period.

Statement of changes in stockholders’ equity is prepared as follows:

Company C
Statement of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
Particulars	Amount ($)	Amount ($)
Beginning Common Stock	1,000
Add: Common Stock Issued	0
Ending Common Stock		1,000
Beginning Retained Earnings	2,700
Add: Net Income	600
Less: Dividends	(500)
Ending Retained Earnings		2,800
Total Stockholders’ Equity		$3,800

Table (5)

Balance sheet: Balance Sheet is one of the financial statements that summarize the assets, the liabilities, and the Shareholder’s equity of a company at a given date. It is also known as the statement of financial status of the business.

The Balance sheet is prepared as follows:

Company C
Balance Sheet
As of December 31, 2018
Particulars	Amount ($)	Amount ($)
Assets:
Cash	900
Land	3,500
Total Assets		4,400
Liabilities:
Notes Payable	600
Total Liabilities		600
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common Stock	1,000
Retained Earnings	2,800
Total Stockholders’ Equity		3,800
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity		$4,400

Table (6)

Statement of cash flows: Statement of cash flows is one among the financial statement of a Company statement that shows aggregate data of all cash inflows and cash outflows that is received and paid by the Company from its ongoing business operations.

Statement of cash flows is prepared as follows:

Company C
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
Particulars	Amount ($)	Amount ($)
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Cash Receipts from Customers	1,800
Cash Payments for Expenses	(1,200)
Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities		600
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:		0
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Cash Payments for Dividends	(500)
Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities		(500)
Net Increase in Cash		100
Add: Beginning Cash Balance		800
Ending Cash Balance		$900

Table (7)

h.

To determine

Comment on the terminology used to date each statement.

Explanation of Solution

Comment on the terminology used is as follows:

• The statements of income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows explain about the happening of the company over a span of time. The span of time in this case is one year. Therefore, these statements use terminology “For the year ended December 31, 2018”.
• On the other hand, the balance sheet is prepared at a specific point of time. Therefore this statement use terminology “As of December 31, 2018 “

i.

To determine

State the way the fact of appraised value of land will change the financial statements.

Explanation of Solution

Historical cost principle: Historical cost principle refers to the original cost of an asset at the time, when the asset is acquired.

Generally, the market value of the asset is not recorded in the fianancial statements since, the assets are reported by the amount paid for them regardless of the increase in the market value of the asset according to the historical cost concept.

j.

To determine

Ascertain the balance in the revenue account on January 1, 2019.

Explanation of Solution

The revenue account had zero balance on January 1, 2019 because the balance in this account is transferred to retained earnings account during December 31, 2018 closing process.