Physics For Scientists And Engineers
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781429201247
Author: Paul A. Tipler, Gene Mosca
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Question
Chapter 1, Problem 70P
(a)
To determine
To find: The number of electrons required in each cubic meter.
(b)
To determine
To find: The number of protons required in each cubic meter.
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Suppose that the universe were full of spherical objects, each of mass m and radius r . If the objects were distributed uniformly throughout the universe, what number density (#/m3) of spherical objects would be required to make the density equal to the critical density of our Universe?
Values:
m = 10 kg
r = 0.0399 m
Answer must be in scientific notation and include zero decimal places (1 sig fig --- e.g., 1234 should be written as 1*10^3)
Suppose the Universe is dominated by a strange substance with an equation of state w = -0.7. This substance fills the Universe in a uniform way, and is the only dynamically important constituent.
Suppose further that in some time interval the Universe doubles in (linear) size, i.e. the scale factor doubles. By what factor has the energy density of this substance changed during this time interval, i.e., what is εfinal/εinitial?
The energy density substance dilutes in proportion to a to some power p, i.e. ε(a) ∝ ap
If the average density of the Universe is small compared with the critical density, the expansion of the Universe described by Hubble's law proceeds with speeds that are nearly constant over time.
Calculate t since the big bang, assuming H = 22.0 km/s/Mly.
Chapter 1 Solutions
Physics For Scientists And Engineers
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- Suppose the Hubble constant were not 22 but 33 km/s per million light-years. Then what would the critical density be?arrow_forwardAssume the average density of the Universe is equal to the critical density. (a) Prove that the age of the Universe is given by 2/(3H). (b) Calculate 2/(3H) and express it in years.arrow_forwardSuppose that the universe were full of spherical objects, each of mass m and radius r, with the objects distributed uniformly throughout the universe as in the previous problem. (Assume nonrelativistic objects.) Given the density of these spherical objects (as you would have found in the previous problem), how far would you be able to see in meters, on average, before your line of sight intersected one of them? Values (note, different from the above problem): m = 3 kg r = 0.03 m Answer must be in scientific notation and include zero decimal places (1 sig fig).arrow_forward
- If the mass-density of baryonic matter is rhoM = 10^-28 kg m^-3 and the current temperature of the cosmic microwave background is T = 2.7 K, calculate: (a) The mass-density of radiation (i.e rhoR) (b) The photon-baryon ratio (c) The temperature when rhoR = rhoMarrow_forwardWhat mechanism can simultaneously solve both the flatness and horizon problems in cosmology?arrow_forwardThe mass density of our universe is measured to be about 10-29 kg/m3. If an arbitrary point is chosen as the center, how large is the radius of a spherical surface centered at the point so that the mass enclosed in the surface will become a blackhole observed by someone outside the surface? A. 4.2 trillion light years B. 420 billion light years C. 42 billion light years D. 4.2 billion light years Is the answer D? Thanks!arrow_forward
- An electron jumps from n=3 to n=2 in a hydrogen atom in a distant galaxy, emitting light. If we detect that light at a wavelength of 3.00 mm, by what multiplication factor has the wavelength, and thus the universe, expanded since the light was emitted?arrow_forwardWhat effect does increasing the interaction strength of a massive particle species haveon its thermal relic abundance if it was in thermal equilibrium in the early universe(assuming no initial asymmetry)? a. relic abundance increases b. relic abundance decreases c. relic abundance essentially unchanged d. not enough informationarrow_forwardThe density of the universe is a. equal to the critical density if the universe is closed. b. equal to the critical density if the universe is flat. c. greater than the critical density if the universe is flat. d. greater than the critical density if the universe is open. e. none of the above.arrow_forward
- Edwin Hubble observed that the light from very distant galaxies was redshifted and that the farther away a galaxy was, the greater its redshift. What does this say about very distant galaxies? When Hubble first estimated the Hubble constant, galaxy distances were still very uncertain, and he got a value for H of about 600 km/s per Mpc. What would this have implied about the age of the universe? What problems would this have presented for cosmologists?arrow_forwardAccording to thermodynamic equilibrium, which should be the most abundant and least abundant quarks during the period from 10-13 s to 10 -3 s?arrow_forward
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