In Chapters 7 and 8, you were introduced to Kayla Tanner, a 45-year-old mother of four who had suffered a dislocated right hip in the bus accident on Route 91. Six weeks after the injury, Mrs. Tanner reported that she was still unable to walk or run without hip pain, and had weakness in her hip, knee, and ankle. Mrs. Tanner walked with a limp that her doctors attributed to weaknesses in flexion at the knee, inversion of the foot, and plantar flexion.
Electromyography (which measures muscle electrical activity) and nerve conduction studies (which measure the speed of nerve impulses) revealed that Mrs. Tanner’s sciatic nerve had been damaged as a result of her injuries—most likely as a result of the nerve being compressed when the hip was dislocated. This large nerve innervates a large number of lower limb muscles. Since her surgery, Mrs. Tanner has been undergoing intense physical therapy and has shown significant improvement.
In order to assess the function and strength of a specific muscle, a physical therapist will often apply resistance (push against the moving limb) to mimic the action of an antagonist muscle. What is an antagonist muscle, and why would the therapist mimic its action?
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 10 Solutions
EBK ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
- A 20-year-old man complained that he was unable to raise his right upper limb. He held it limply at his side with his forearm and hand pronated. During questioning by the physician, he stated that he had been thrown from his motorcycle approximately 2 weeks previously and that he had hit his shoulder against a tree. He also recalled that his neck felt sore shortly after the accident. Physical Examination: On examination it was found that the patient was unable to flex, abduct, or laterally rotate his arm. In addition, he lost flexion of the elbow joint. A lack of sensation was detected on the lateral surface of his arm and forearm. The physician requested radiographs of the cervical and pectoral girdle regions. Radiology Report: No fractures are seen in the cervical region, pectoral girdle, and proximal part of the humerus. Diagnosis: Injury of nerves derived from the brachial plexus. Using your anatomical knowledge of the nerve supply to the upper limb, discuss the…arrow_forwardMinor-league pitcher José has been throwing a hundred pitches a day in order to perfect his curve ball. Lately he has experienced pain in his pitching arm. The doctor diagnosed a torn rotator cuff. José was confused because he thought cuffs were only found on shirt sleeves, not inside his shoulder. Explain to José what the doctor means and how this injury could affect his arm movement.arrow_forwardAmount of ACh released with my myasthenia gravis..... amount of ach released with lambert eaton myasthenia syndrome. greather than less than equal toarrow_forward
- A mother drops off her 15-year-old boy at soccer practice. He plays for a traveling team, and she is headed to the grocery store to do some shopping while he is occupied. While at the store, she receives a telephone call from the coach, telling her that her son was kicked just below the knee, causing him to fall to the ground. He was wearing his shin guards but complains that it hurts too much to walk. His mother turns around and heads back to the soccer field. When she arrives, her son is sitting on the bench with ice on his leg. The coach and a teammate help her get him into the car, and she drives him to the emergency department. An x-ray image shows a fracture near the knee with subluxation. Additionally, the boy has suffered a complete separation of a ligament from its bony attachment. This injury is known as: 1. Lateral epicondylopathy 2. Crepitus 3. Avulsion 4. Malunionarrow_forwardDuring a mountain biking accident, your 45 year old sister and her excitable 14 year old daughter each suffered a broken arm. Your sister sustained a compound (open) mid-shaft humeral fracture and was treated with open reduction & internal fixation using a plate & screws. Your niece sustained a simple ulnar fracture and was treated with closed reduction and a cast. After their 6 week follow-up visit, your niece says "Compared to mom, my arm doesn't even looked healed, it has a big bump on it in the x-ray picture!" and exclaims its unfair her arm remains in a "clumsy cast!". Based on concepts you have learned about bone fracture and healing and fracture repair, explain to your niece 1) the process of healing that has occurred in her fracture since her accident; and 2) why there are differences on her x-ray compared to her mom's. Please use terminology AND your ability to explain their meanings in words a 14 year old can understand. Use only one page to answer). Explain Process of…arrow_forwardSelect the best answer or answers from the choices given: 1. A muscle that assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over which an agonist acts is a(n) (a) antagonist, (b) prime mover, (c) synergist, (d) agonist.arrow_forward
- You are the gym with a friend who complains that she cannot lift as much weight on a new machine as she could on the old machine. You examine the machine and note that the starting position for the exercise puts your friend's miscles in a stretched position. How does this explain her seeming loss of strength?arrow_forwardA 22-year-old woman injures her right knee while playing soccer. With the knee flexed 90 degrees, the physician grasps the leg just below the knee and pulls theTibia toward him. More than 2 cm of forward mobility is noted. This finding suggests a tear in which or the followina structures?A) Anterior cruciate ligamentB) Lateral collateral ligamentC) Medial collateral ligamentD) Patellar tendonE) Posterior cruciate ligamentarrow_forwardDifferentiate flexion from torsion. Why do these events occur in the developing embryo?arrow_forward
- Movement in the skeletal muscles in the body is affected by physiological mechanisms known as levers. There are three parts of levers known as the effort, fulcrum, and load. Please explain how levers, along with its parts allow the arm to move.arrow_forwardJohn is arguing with his classmate about the function of titin. He believes that titin only functions when the muscle is overstretched. Is he correct?arrow_forwardMrs Franklin is a 70 year old lady who was suffering from kyphosis (hunchback). While working on her garden on a windy afternoon, she slipped and fell on the pathway, and ended up with a fractured left elbow and bruised thigh. Her neighbor heard her cries for help and sent Mrs Franklin to the emergency department for treatment. Question Name and briefly describe all the articulating bones and muscles that produce movement at the elbow joint.arrow_forward