EBK HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780134704227
Author: Silverthorn
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 11, Problem 18RQ
You have discovered a neuron that innervates an endocrine cell in the intestine. To learn more about this neuron, you place a marker substance at the endocrine cell synapse. The marker is taken into the neuron and transported in a vesicle by retrograde axonal transport to the nerve cell body.
- a. By what process is the marker probably taken into the axon terminal?
- b. The nerve cell body is found in a ganglion very close to the endocrine cell. To which branch of the peripheral nervous system does the neuron probably belong? (Be as specific as you can.)
- c. Which neurotransmitter do you predict will be secreted by the neuron onto the endocrine cell?
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In an experiment you place a neuron and its synaptic contacts into a medium containing no calcium ions. You stimulate the neuron causing an action potential to propagate down the axon into the axon terminal of the neuron. 3.) What is the most likely result of this experimental manipulation?
A. Prolong the refractory period of the action potential
B. Decrease the time required to move sodium ions out of the axon terminal
C. Prevent neurotransmitter from binding to receptors on postsynaptic cells
D. Enhance the voltage changes associated with the action potential
E. Prevent release of neurotransmitter into the synapse
A certain bacterium has a gene that encodes for a neurotoxin. This neurotoxin is highly specific for the synaptic end of the nerve, where it blocks the release of acetylcholine, a chemical necessary for transmission of nerve impulses across synapses. What is the chemical composition of this neurotoxin?
Sequence the following list of events of a neuronal action potential by placing 1 next to the first event, 2 next to the second event, and so on. a. _____ The activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ flood the cytoplasm, and depolarization occurs. b. _____ K+ continue to flow out of the axon until the membrane is hyperpolarized. c. _____ Local potentials cause the membrane to depolarize to threshold. d. _____ The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close as voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ begin to exit the axon, and repolarization begins. e. _____ Repolarization continues and Na+ channels return to resting
Chapter 11 Solutions
EBK HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 11.1 - The central nervous system consists of the...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 11.1 - A nerve that carries both sensory and motor...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 5CCCh. 11.1 - In what organelle is most intracellular Ca2+...Ch. 11.1 - Prob. 7CCCh. 11.1 - Prob. 8CCCh. 11.1 - Prob. 9CCCh. 11.2 - Prob. 10CC
Ch. 11.2 - Compare gating and ion selectivity of...Ch. 11.2 - Prob. 12CCCh. 11 - Prob. 1RQCh. 11 - Prob. 2RQCh. 11 - Prob. 3RQCh. 11 - Prob. 4RQCh. 11 - Neurons that secrete acetylcholine are described...Ch. 11 - List four things that can happen to autonomic...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7RQCh. 11 - Prob. 8RQCh. 11 - Somatic motor pathways a. are excitatory or...Ch. 11 - Prob. 10RQCh. 11 - Prob. 11RQCh. 11 - Compare and contrast: a. neuroeffector junctions...Ch. 11 - Prob. 13RQCh. 11 - Create a concept map comparing the somatic motor...Ch. 11 - If a target cells receptor is _______ (use items...Ch. 11 - Ganglia contain the cell bodies of (choose all...Ch. 11 - Prob. 17RQCh. 11 - You have discovered a neuron that innervates an...Ch. 11 - Prob. 19RQCh. 11 - Prob. 20RQ
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- Clostridium tetani toxin blocks the exocytosis of GABA. A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this? B. How would a post-synaptic neuron’s likelihood of experiencing an action potential be affected by this toxin? C. Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosisarrow_forwardNeurotransmitters: a. Can only inhibit the postsynaptic cell b. Can be part of a process that regulates transcription and translation in the postsynaptic cell с. Are bound to their receptors forever, until the receptor is degraded and recycled. d. Can exit the presynaptic cell without assistance. e. Can only excite the postsynaptic cell Clathrin: Is embedded in the cell membrane of the synaptic terminal. a. b. Degrades vesicles for recycling and return to the axon hillock с. Mediates ALL endocytosis in the body, including the formation of vesicles in the synapse. d. Forms a coat of octagonal proteins. e. Helps the vesicle leave the pre-synaptic cell, and fuse to the membrane of the post-synaptic cellarrow_forwardLocal anesthetic is often used in dentistry to lessen the sensation of pain during dental procedures. It prevents propagation of nerve conduction by decreasing the flow of ions. a. Describe how depolarization of an action potential can be blocked by the use of local anesthetic. b. Your classmate explained that once the threshold potential has been reached, the inside charge of the neuron is more positive than the outside charge. Is she correct? Can you compare the inside charge to the outside charge in an axon treated with local anesthetic?arrow_forward
- +70 D A -70 Time in msec The diagram above shows the changes in membrane potential measured from a single point in a typical mammalian motor neuron that has been artificially stimulated to threshold. Membrane potential in mV Barrow_forwardThe presence of an electrical gradient is responsible for both the resting membrane potential and the action potential in the neuron.a. In this case who is responsible for maintaining the electric gradient to produce a potential for the resting membrane?b. Explain what is meant by an electrical gradient in the context of a cell (neuron)!arrow_forwardWhich of the following is NOT an example of communication that happens from one neuron to another neuron? A. Endocrine signaling (ex. hormones secreted into the blood stream travel and bind to receptors on dstant cells). B. Retrograde neurotransmission (ex.the dendrite releases a neuroactive substance that binds to receptors on the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron). C. Electrical communication via propagation of action potential from one node of ranvier to the next node of ranvier. D. Volume transmission (ex. neuropeptides diffuse away from the synapse and bind to receptors on adjacent cells) E. Electrical communication through gap junctions.arrow_forward
- 11) Compare the propagation speeds of an action potential along an axon that is 10 µM in diameter and one that is 20 uM in diameter. You must have a quantitative answer. 12) How would the velocity of action potential propagation change if you quadrupled the membrane conductance? You must have a quantitative answer. 13) You discover a mutation in mice that causes them to suddenly lose their myelin sheaths. How would this mutation change the speed of action potential propagation and why? 9arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements correctly describes the function of mitochondria found in axon terminals? a. They synthesize enzymes, which are required to break down the neurotransmitters. b. They synthesize vesicles, which transport sodium and potassium ions across the synapse. c. They synthesize ATP, which is required for the production of neurotransmitters. d. They synthesize ATP, which is required to bond the axon terminal to the dendrites.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about the conduction of action potentials? a. Thicker axons are faster because there is more surface area on thicker axons. b. Myelin speeds conduction because the glial cells add voltage gated Na+ channels to the neuron. c. Diffusion of Na+ ions between the Nodes of Ranvier happens faster than the wave of opening and closing membrane proteins can travel. d. Neurons that don’t have myelin sheaths undergo saltatory conduction e. Action potentials move slowly.arrow_forward
- Schwann cells are a type of glial cell found in the nervous system. In addition to the conduction of nerve impulses, the outermost layer called neurilemma aids in nerve development and regeneration. Which of the following explains why the neurons in the brain cannot repair damage like the neurons in your hands or feet can? a. Neurons in the central nervous system lack neurilemma of Schwann cells. b. Neurons in the peripheral nervous system are surrounded by grey matter. c. Axons of the peripheral nervous system lack neurilemma of Schwann cells. d. Neurons in the central nervous system are surrounded by white matter.arrow_forwardDepression is a condition in which sufferers may feel low mood, lack of motivation and sleep. It is caused by a lack of serotonin in the synaptic cleft of neurone pathways. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. a) Describe how serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter. Using your understanding of synaptic transmission, explain how communication between neurones in serotonin pathways of the brain would be affected in someone with depression. b) Doctors use tubocurarine drug as an anaesthetic as it temporarily paralyses muscles. It blocks receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Why does this lead to paralysis?arrow_forwardWhat does a transporter protein do at a synapse? a. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron. b. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from the cell body to the presynaptic terminal. c. It carries neurotransmitter molecules from neurons that have too much into neurons that need more. d. It pumps used neurotransmitter molecules back into the presynaptic neuron.arrow_forward
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