Concept explainers
HOW DO WE KNOW?
In this chapter, we focused on the translation of mRNA into proteins as well as on protein structure and function. Along the way, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this information was acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter, what answers would you propose to the following fundamental questions:
(a) What experimentally derived information led to Holley's proposal of the two-dimensional cloverleaf model of tRNA?
(b) What experimental information verifies that certain codons in mRNA specify chain termination during translation?
(c) How do we know, based on studies of Neurospora nutritional mutations, that one gene specifies one enzyme?
(d) On what basis have we concluded that proteins are the end products of genetic expression?
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 13 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics
- The wobble rules for tRNA-mRNA pairing are shown. If we assume that the tRNAs do not containmodified bases, what is the minimum number of tRNAs needed to recognize the codons for the following types of amino acids? A. Leucine B. Methionine C. Serinearrow_forwardFrom this overall anticodon sequence in tRNA, 3'-CAUCGGAAUAGAUCGCUAGUGGCAGGCAUAAUGAUCACCGGUCUGAGAAAAGUGGUACAUAUCAAC-5' Using ONE-letter amino acid code starting from N-terminus to C-terminus, what is the amino acid sequence that will be coded for?arrow_forwardExplain whether the specificity of lysine incorporation by lysyl-tRNA synthetase depends on tRNA or lysine, how does it work ?arrow_forward
- What is the significance (or function) of tRNA in protein synthesis? In other words, explain why tRNA is so important. How many different tRNA’s are there?arrow_forwardFrom this overall anticodon sequence in tRNA, 3'-CAUCGGAAUAGAUCGCUAGUGGCAGGCAUAAUGAUCACCGGUCUGAGAAAAGUGGUACAUAUCAAC-5' What is the amino acid sequence that will be coded for using ONE-letter amino acid code starting from N-terminus to C-terminus and using THREE-letter amino acid code starting from N-terminus to C-terminusarrow_forwardThe covalent attachment of an amino acid to a tRNA is an endergonic reaction. In other words, it requires an input of energy for the reaction to proceed. Where does the energy come from to attach amino acids to tRNA molecules?arrow_forward
- What steps are required to form a charged tRNA?arrow_forwardFrom this overall anticodon sequence in tRNA, 3'-CAUCGGAAUAGAUCGCUAGUGGCAGGCAUAAUGAUCACCGGUCUGAGAAAAGUGGUACAUAUCAAC-5' What is the amino acid sequence that will be coded for using THREE-letter amino acid code starting from N-terminus to C-terminus.arrow_forwardHow will you best describe tRNA, support your answer with a proper diagram?arrow_forward
- Indicate the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the following mRNA molecule. Use the genetic code table and assume that the very first “AUG” the ribosome encounters will serve as the start codon and specify methionine. 5’-AAUUCAUGCCCAAAUUUGGGGCACGAAGCUUCUUAGGCUAGUCCUAAAAAA-3’arrow_forwardWhat features of tRNA structure are involved in recognition and amino acylation by an aaRS?arrow_forwardWhat is the function of the anticodon of a tRNA?arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education