Physics of Everyday Phenomena
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781259894008
Author: W. Thomas Griffith, Juliet Brosing Professor
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Textbook Question
Chapter 13, Problem 5CQ
When an axon is stimulated, a voltage spike or action potential is created. Does this voltage spike remain stationary or travel down the axon? Explain. (See everyday phenomenon box 13.1.)
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Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed × pulse duration = 50.0 m/s × 0.0020 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in the figure below. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = ??0A/d and Q = CΔV to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.1 ✕ 10−8 m, axon radius r = 2.0 ✕ 101 ?m, and cell-wall dielectric constant ? = 2.7.
A diagram shows a collection of positive and negative charges in and around an axon. The diagram is divided into three sections, one on top of the other.
The top section is labeled "External fluid". A row of positive charges labeled "Positive charge layer" lies along the bottom side of this section. Above the row of positive charges, there is an even mixture of…
Chapter 13 Solutions
Physics of Everyday Phenomena
Ch. 13 - Two arrangements of a battery, bulb, and wire are...Ch. 13 - Suppose you have two wires, a battery, and a bulb....Ch. 13 - In a simple battery-and-bulb circuit, is the...Ch. 13 - Are electric current and electric charge the same...Ch. 13 - When an axon is stimulated, a voltage spike or...Ch. 13 - Does the signal in an axon travel at the same...Ch. 13 - Consider the circuit shown, where the wires are...Ch. 13 - Consider the circuit shown. Could we increase the...Ch. 13 - Two circuit diagrams are shown. Which one, if...Ch. 13 - Suppose we use an uncoated metal clamp to hold the...
Ch. 13 - Consider the two signs shown, which are located in...Ch. 13 - If we decrease the potential difference across a...Ch. 13 - Prob. 13CQCh. 13 - When a battery is being used in a circuit, will...Ch. 13 - Two resistors are connected in series with a...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown below. R1, R2,. and R3 are...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown in question 16, which of the...Ch. 13 - If we disconnect R2, from the rest of the circuit...Ch. 13 - When current passes through a series combination...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the circle with a V in it...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the circle with an A in it...Ch. 13 - Which will normally have the larger resistance, a...Ch. 13 - Is electric energy the same as electric power?...Ch. 13 - If the current through a certain resistance is...Ch. 13 - Prob. 25CQCh. 13 - What energy source increases the potential energy...Ch. 13 - Prob. 27CQCh. 13 - Prob. 28CQCh. 13 - Prob. 29CQCh. 13 - Prob. 30CQCh. 13 - Prob. 31CQCh. 13 - Prob. 32CQCh. 13 - Why does a bimetallic strip bend when the...Ch. 13 - A charge of 28 C passes at a steady rate through a...Ch. 13 - A current of 4.5 A flows through a battery for 3...Ch. 13 - Prob. 3ECh. 13 - A current of 1.5 A is flowing through a resistance...Ch. 13 - A current of 0.522 A flows through a resistor with...Ch. 13 - Four 22 resistors are connected in series to an...Ch. 13 - A 47 resistor and a 28 resistor are connected in...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the 1 resistance is the...Ch. 13 - Three resistors are connected to a 12-V battery as...Ch. 13 - Two resistors, each having a resistance of 40 ....Ch. 13 - Prob. 11ECh. 13 - Three identical resistances, each 30 , are...Ch. 13 - A 9-V battery in a simple circuit produces a...Ch. 13 - A 80 resistor has a voltage difference of 12 V...Ch. 13 - A 75-W light bulb operates on an effective ac...Ch. 13 - A toaster draws a current of 9.0 A when it is...Ch. 13 - A clothes dryer uses 6600 W of power when...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the internal resistance of...Ch. 13 - Three 36 lightbulbs are connected in parallel to...Ch. 13 - In the circuit shown, the 8-V battery is opposing...Ch. 13 - In the combination of 12 resistors shown in the...Ch. 13 - A 850-W toaster, a 1200-W waffle iron, and a...
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- Assume a length of axon membrane of about 0.10 m is excited by an action potential (length excited = nerve speed pulse duration = 50.0 m/s 2.0 103 s = 0.10 m). In the resting state, the outer surface of the axon wall is charged positively with K+ ions and the inner wall has an equal and opposite charge of negative organic ions, as shown in Figure P18.43. Model the axon as a parallel-plate capacitor and take C = 0A/d and Q = C V to investigate the charge as follows. Use typical values for a cylindrical axon of cell wall thickness d = 1.0 108 m, axon radius r = 1.0 101 m, and cell-wall dielectric constant = 3.0. (a) Calculate the positive charge on the outside of a 0.10-m piece of axon when it is not conducting an electric pulse. How many K+ ions are on the outside of the axon assuming an initial potential difference of 7.0 102 V? Is this a large charge per unit area? Hint: Calculate the charge per unit area in terms of electronic charge e per squared (2). An atom has a cross section of about 1 2 (1 = 1010 m). (b) How much positive charge must flow through the cell membrane to reach the excited state of + 3.0 102 V from the resting state of 7.0 102 V? How many sodium ions (Na+) is this? (c) If it takes 2.0 ms for the Na+ ions to enter the axon, what is the average current in the axon wall in this process? (d) How much energy does it take to raise the potential of the inner axon wall to + 3.0 102 V, starting from the resting potential of 7.0 102 V? Figure P18.43 Problem 43 and 44.arrow_forwardWhy is it possible for a bird to sit on a high-voltage wire without being electrocuted?arrow_forwardConsider the model of the axon as a capacitor from Figure P18.43. (a) How much energy doesit take to restore the inner wall of the axon to -7.0 x 10-2 V,starting from +3.0 x 10-2 V? (b) Find the average current inthe axon wall during this process.arrow_forward
- Every cell in the body has organelles called mitochondria that can generate a voltage difference between their interior and exterior. If the capacitance of a mitochondrion is 4.0×10−11F and the potential difference between the interior and exterior is 0.18 V, how much electrical energy does it store? If a mitochondrion were to use all of its stored electrical energy to produce ATP molecules, and each ATP molecule requires 9.5×10−20J, how many molecules could it produce? (In reality, ATP molecules are produced by the flow of protons caused by the proton motive force, and not by the direct conversion of electrical energy stored by the capacitance of mitochondria.)arrow_forwardwhat is the main function of a defibrillator? Pls elaborate your answer. Thanks.arrow_forwardWhy don’t birds get electrocuted when they touch high-voltage power lines?arrow_forward
- What is the smallest capacitor needed in a computer power supply in order to supply at least 0.1 A of current for 0.13 s after the power goes off? Assume that the resistance of all the components of the computer mother board is 5 Ω and it uses a 5 V supply.arrow_forwardi was just wondering how you got 22 and 62 for t2 in - ht=ut-12gt20arrow_forwardWhat is voltage at terminal AB?arrow_forward
- What is the voltage across R4?arrow_forwardWrite a question about the electrical action potential of the human nervous system in terms of physics.arrow_forwardWhat explains the difference in energy delivery when the rate of discharge changes in a battery? For example, a lithium coin battery has a rated capacity of 240 mAh and a voltage cutoff of 1.6V. If we compare two rate of dischange, 3 mA vs. 0.5 mA, the difference in energy delivery is 0.1Wh.arrow_forward
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