Concept explainers
a.
To predict:
The possible outcome of Griffith’s experiment using the heat-killed pathogenic and heat killed nonpathogenic bacteria.
Introduction:
The transformation of the genetic material in bacteria was experimentally found out by the person named F. G. He was trying to make the vaccine that could cure pneumonia, which is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia. There exist two different strains of this bacterium. One of the forms of the bacteria is known as the S (smooth) form. This strain of the bacteria is virulent and forms smooth colonies in the culture. The other form is the mutant form or the R (rough) form. This strain was non-virulent and forms a rough colony in the culture.
b.
To determine:
The possible outcome of Griffith’s experiment using the heat-killed pathogenic and live nonpathogenic in the presence of an enzyme that digests proteins (protease).
Introduction:
The transformation of the genetic material in bacteria was experimentally found out by the person named F. G. He was trying to make the vaccine that could cure pneumonia, which is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia. There exist two different strains of this bacterium. One of the forms of the bacteria is known as the S (smooth) form. This strain of the bacteria is virulent and forms smooth colonies in the culture. The other form is the mutant form or the R (rough) form. This strain was non-virulent and forms a rough colony in the culture.
c.
To determine:
The possible outcome of Griffith’s experiment using the heat-killed pathogenic and live nonpathogenic in the presence of an enzyme that digests DNA (endonuclease).
Introduction:
The transformation of the genetic material in bacteria was experimentally found out by the person named F. G. He was trying to make the vaccine that could cure pneumonia, which is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia. There exist two different strains of this bacterium. One of the forms of the bacteria is known as the S (smooth) form. This strain of the bacteria is virulent and forms smooth colonies in the culture. The other form is the mutant form or the R (rough) form. This strain was non-virulent and forms a rough colony in the culture.
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Biology
- Given the state of knowledge at the time of the Avery, MacLeod,and McCarty experiment, why was it difficult for some scientiststo accept that DNA is the carrier of genetic information?arrow_forwardUsing sickle cell as an example, give a detailed description of how the effects of a base substitution can be traced from DNA level to the level of the whole organism.arrow_forwardOne experiment that showed the DNA carried genetic information was the "Transformation" experiment by Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod where they injected mice with non-pathogenetic bacteria that had been incubated in the remains of pathogenic bacteria. What did they find when they incubated non-pathogenic bacteria in just the protein from the pathogenic bacteria? In this case there was no transformation They found that the non-pathogenic bacteria were transformed into pathogenic bacteria In this case the mice were sickened but did not die They found that some of the protein could cause transformation but other proteins could notarrow_forward
- Please answer the following question and explain Q1. If MacLeod and McCarty had accidentally contaminated their RNase enzyme with DNase, how would this have changed the conclusion that they made from their experiments? Pick the correct letter option A. They would have concluded that DNA is the only molecule required for genetic transformation. B. They would have concluded that DNA and protein are both required for genetic transformation. C. They would have concluded that RNA is the only molecule required for genetic transformation. D. They would have concluded that RNA and DNA are both required for genetic transformation. E. They would have concluded that proteins are the only molecules required for genetic transformationarrow_forwardOnce DNA is extracted, what can it be used for?arrow_forwardDescribe the Meselson and Stahl experiment and outline its significance.arrow_forward
- From what samples can DNA be extracted? What applications does DNA have in medicine?arrow_forwardWhat was the first, DNA or RNA? Justify your answer with solid reasonarrow_forwardWhich of the following inspired Avery and his colleagues to perform the experiments demonstrating that the transforming factor in bacteria is DNA? (a) that A is equal to T and that G is equal to C (b) Watson and Crick’s model of DNA structure (c) Meselson and Stahl’s studies on DNA replication in E. coli (d) Griffith’s experiments on smooth and rough strains of pneumococci (e) Hershey and Chase’s experiments on the reproduction of bacteriophagesarrow_forward
- If Avery, Macleod, and McCarty had observed transformation after removing DNA and RNA, but NOT after removing proteins, they would have concluded that _______. Group of answer choices A polysaccharide is the genetic material in Streptococcus pneumoniae RNA is the genetic material in Streptococcus pneumoniae The genetic material in Streptococcus pneumoniae is a protein Mice with diets rich in proteins are resistant to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection The preparations were contaminatedarrow_forwardBeadle and Tatum a-showed that DNA was genetic material b-established that there was a relationship between genes and enzymes c-worked with e coli d- none of the abovearrow_forwardHow did Griffith’s work provide a foundation for the experiments of Avery and his colleagues pointing to DNA as the essential genetic material?arrow_forward
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