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Tsunamis are ocean waves generally produced when earthquakes suddenly displace the ocean floor, and with it a huge volume of water. Unlike ordinary waves on the ocean surface, a tsunami involves the entire water column, from surface to bottom. To a tsunami, the ocean is shallow—and that makes tsunamis shallow-water waves, whose speed is
FIGURE 14.39 People flee as the devastating tsunami of December 2004 strikes Thailand (Passage Problems 81-84).
On the open ocean, a tsunami has relatively small amplitude—typically 1 m or less. As the tsunami approaches shore, its amplitude increases and its wavelength decreases. As a result,
- a. its total energy increases.
- b. the rate at which it carries energy shoreward increases.
- c. the wave frequency increases.
- d. none of these quantities changes.
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