Chapter 15, Problem 2CCS

1.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The Toll-like receptor (TLR) was involved in the Tim’s innate immune response to Mycoplasma.

Introduction:

The innate immunity is a type of the immunity which is present since birth and provides the first line of defense against the pathogen. Toll-like receptors are the pattern recognition receptors and play a significant role in innate immunity. These receptors are found on the cells of the first line of body defense, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. The ability of the immune system to recognize the antigen or foreign molecules is primarily due to the toll-like receptors.

2.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason for Tim’s naturally occurring interferons that did not help clear the infection.

Introduction:

Interferons (IFNs) are the proteinaceous cells that are produced by a host to to provide an immune response against viral infections. IFNs are the cytokines that are known for their ability to “interfere” with viral infection.

3.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The structures and chemicals that normally fend off lung infections.

Introduction:

Lung infections are also called respiratory infection or pulmonary disease. A respiratory infection is the one that affects the normal breathing of an individual. There are various lung infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and asthma. The common symptoms of lung infections include, chest pain, changes in the mucus, productive cough, increased shortness of breath, and fever.

4.

Summary Introduction

To determine:

The reason for Tim’s innate lung defenses that did not operate properly.

Introduction:

The innate immunity is a type of the immunity which is present since birth and provides the first line of defense against the pathogen. Innate immunity is not specific to a particular pathogen, but rather fight against all the foreign invaders. Innate immunity does not depend on previous exposure to a the pathogen and has no memory.