Anatomy & Physiology
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168130
Author: Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble
Publisher: OpenStax College
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Textbook Question
Chapter 15, Problem 4ILQ
Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/pupillary) to learn about the pupillary reflexes. The pupillary light reflex involves sensory input through the optic nerve and motor response through the oculomotor nerve to the ciliary ganglion, which projects to the circular fibers of the iris. As shown in this short animation, pupils will constrict to limit the amount of light falling on the retina under bright lighting conditions. What constitutes the afferent and efferent branches of the competing reflex (dilation)?
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What aspect of the neural circuity in the pupillary light reflex is responsible for the consensual response?
a. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons project their axons to neurons in the ciliary ganglion.
b.Pretectum neurons send axons to the Edinger-Westfall nuclei on both sides of the brain.
c. Neurons in the ciliary ganglion innervate the constrictor muscle in the iris, which decreases the diameter of the pupil when activated.
d. The muscles in the iris encircle the pupillary opening so that light enters in the center of the eye.
e. The ciliary muscles contract concentrically to release the tension in the zonule fibers.
Diagram a hypothetical reflex arc to explain the pupillary reflex observed when a penlight is shined into the left eye.
Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/reflexarc) to learn more about the reflex arc of the cornealreflex. When the right cornea senses a tactile stimulus, whathappens to the left eye? Explain your answer.
Chapter 15 Solutions
Anatomy & Physiology
Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Read this article...Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Watch this video...Ch. 15 - Which of these physiological changes would not be...Ch. 15 - Which type of fiber could be considered the...Ch. 15 - Which signaling molecule is most likely...Ch. 15 - Which of these cranial nerves contains...
Ch. 15 - Which of the following is not a target of a...Ch. 15 - Which of the following represents a sensory input...Ch. 15 - What is the term for a reflex that does not...Ch. 15 - What neurotransmitter will result in constriction...Ch. 15 - What gland produces a secretion that causes...Ch. 15 - Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?...Ch. 15 - Which of these locations in the forebrain is the...Ch. 15 - Which nerve projects to the hypothalamus to...Ch. 15 - What region of the limbic lobe is responsible for...Ch. 15 - What is another name for the preganglionic...Ch. 15 - What central fiber tract connects forebrain and...Ch. 15 - A drag that affects both divisions of the...Ch. 15 - A drug is called an agonist if it ________. blocks...Ch. 15 - Which type of drug would be an antidote to...Ch. 15 - Which kind of ding would have anti-anxiety...Ch. 15 - Which type of drug could be used to treat asthma...Ch. 15 - In the context of a lioness hunting on the...Ch. 15 - A target effector, such as the heart, receives...Ch. 15 - Damage to internal organs will present as pain...Ch. 15 - Medical practice is paying more attention to the...Ch. 15 - Horners syndrome is a condition that presents with...Ch. 15 - The cardiovascular center is responsible for...Ch. 15 - Why does smoking increase the risk of heart...Ch. 15 - Why might topical, cosmetic application of...
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- Larry goes to the doctor complaining that he cant see the right side of the visual field with either eye. Where in the visual signal-processing pathway is Larrys problem occurring?arrow_forwardMatch each of the following terms with the appropriate description. _____ somatic senses (general senses)a.produced by strong stimulation _____ special sensesb.endings of sensory neurons or specialized cells next to them _____ variations in stimulus intensity _____ action potentialc.taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision _____ sensory receptord.frequency and number of action potentials e.touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and muscle sensearrow_forwardWatch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/occipital) to learn more about a transverse section throughthe brain that depicts the visual pathway from the eye tothe occipital cortex. The first half of the pathway is theprojection from the RGCs through the optic nerve to thelateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus on either side.This first fiber in the pathway synapses on a thalamic cellthat then projects to the visual cortex in the occipital lobewhere “seeing,” or visual perception, takes place. This video gives an abbreviated overview of the visual systemby concentrating on the pathway from the eyes to theoccipital lobe. The video makes the statement (at 0:45) that“specialized cells in the retina called ganglion cells convertthe light rays into electrical signals.” What aspect of retinalprocessing is simplified by that statement? Explain youranswer.arrow_forward
- If a person is born blind, what happens to the occipital (“visual”) cortex?A. Its cells shrink and gradually die.B. Its cells remain intact but forever inactive.C. Its cells become responsive to touch or hearing.D. Its cells become spontaneously active, producing hallucinations.arrow_forwardDescribe the steps in the pupil reflex.arrow_forwardWhich of the following structures does not receive direct input from retinal ganglion cells? a. Primary visual cortex b. The suprachiasmiatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus c. The superior colliculus in the tectum d. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus The Glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) is a “mixed nerve,” meaning that it carries sensory and motor information. One of the functions of this nerve is carrying taste information from the caudal third of the tongue. The fibers that carry this information in the glossopharyngeal nerve are classified as which component type? a. Special efferent b. Special afferent c. General visceral efferent d. General somatic afferentarrow_forward
- Write at least one complete sentence to answer these questions 1. Explain the basic steps of a simple reflex arc like a stretch reflex. 2. Describe one similarity and one difference between the patella reflex and the pupillary reflex? 3. What are the two types of photoreceptors present in the retina? Briefly describe their function. 4. List the eye structures that light passes through as it travels from outside the body to the retina. 5. When your nasal passages are blocked due to a heavy cold, food seems to lose its flavor. For example, pizza tastes like salt. Explain why this is so.arrow_forwardThe optic nerves form synapses in the ____ nucleus of the thalamus, which relays the information to the primary visual cortex in the ___ lobes. A) medial geniculate; parietal B) medial geniculate; occipital C) lateral geniculate; occipital D) lateral geniculate; parietalarrow_forwardDiscuss the importance of performing the Pupillary Light Reflex test. Why is Pupillary Dark Reflex test necessary to perform in the clinic?arrow_forward
- What effect does sympathetic nervous system stimulation have on pupil diameter? It is known that one's diameter of the pupil's increases when telling a lie. Offer an explanation.arrow_forwardBlindsight is the condition in which someone with damage in the primary visual cortex reports that they cannot see an object, but can usually guess what that object is. This means that some visual representation must reach the frontal speech area. What non-thalamic pathway might do that? Question 8 options: A) The pathway through the suprachiasmatic nucleus B) The dorsal visual pathway C) The pathway through the superior colliculus D) The magnocelluar or M pathwayarrow_forwardBlinking of eyelids on exposure of light is a conditioned reflex or simple action.arrow_forward
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