Entropy change is easier to determine for processes in which the temperature of the system is constant. Which of the following processes are of this type? Choose all correct statements.
a. Some ice is melting in a cup in a warm room. The system is the ice.
b. Some ice is melting in a cup in a warm room. The system is the ice and the cup.
c. A box is slowing down due to friction with a rough table. The system is the box and the table.
d. Some alcohol is boiling in a beaker over a burner. The system is the alcohol in the beaker.
e. An ideal gas in a syringe is very slowly compressed while the syringe is held in an ice bath. The system is the gas.
f. An ideal gas is in a closed, rigid container. Energy is transferred to the gas at a constant rate. The system is the gas.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 16 Solutions
College Physics
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
College Physics: A Strategic Approach (4th Edition)
Life in the Universe (4th Edition)
Glencoe Physical Science 2012 Student Edition (Glencoe Science) (McGraw-Hill Education)
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach, Vol. 1 (Chs 1-21) (4th Edition)
The Cosmic Perspective (8th Edition)
Applied Physics (11th Edition)
- (a) What is the change in entropy if you start with 100 coins in the 45 heads and 55 tails macrostate, toss them, and get 51 heads and 49 tails? (b) What if you get 75 heads and 25 tails? (c) How much more likely is 51 heads and 49 tails than 75 heads and 25 tails? (d) Dues either outcome violate the second law of thermodynamics?arrow_forwardA large electrical power station generates 1000 MW of electricity with an efficiency of 35.0%. (a) Calculate the heat transfer to the power station, Qh, in one day. (b) How much heat transfer Qc occurs to the environment in one day? (c) If the heat transfer in the cooling towers is from 35.0C water into the local air mass, which increases in temperature from 18.0C to 20.0C, what is the total increase in entropy due to this heat transfer? (d) How much energy becomes unavailable to do work because of this increase in entropy, assuming an 18.0C lowest temperature? (Part of Qccould be utilized to operate heat engines or far simply heating the surroundings, but it rarely is.)arrow_forwardA 65-g ice cube is initially at 0.0C. (a) Find the change in entropy of the cube after it melts completely at 0.0C. (b) What is the change in entropy of the environment in this process? Hint: The latent heat of fusion for water is 3.33 105 J/kg.arrow_forward
- (a) On a winter day, a certain house loses 5.00108J of heat to the outside (about 500,000 Btu). What is the total change in entropy due to this heat transfer alone, assuming an average indoor temperature of 21.0C and an average outdoor temperature of 5.00C ? (b) This large change in entropy implies a large amount of energy has become unavailable to do work. Where do we find more energy when such energy is lost to us?arrow_forward(a) How much heat transfer occurs from 20.0 kg of 90.0C water placed in contact with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water, producing a final temperature of 50.0C ? (b) How much work could a Carnot engine do with this heat transfer, assuming it operates between two reservoirs at constant temperatures of 90.0C and 10.0C ? (c) What increase in entropy is produced by mixing 20.0 kg of 90.0C water with 20.0 kg of 10.0C water? (d) Calculate the amount of work made unavailable by this mixing using a low temperature of 10.0C, and compare it with the work done by the Garnet engine. Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy. (e) Discuss how everyday processes make increasingly more energy unavailable to do work, as implied by this problem.arrow_forwardObjects A and B with TA TB are placed in thermal contact and come to equilibrium. (a) For which object does the entropy increase? (b) For which object does the entropy decrease? (c) Which object has the greater magnitude of entropy change?arrow_forward
- (a) In reaching equilibrium, how much heat transfer occurs from 1.00 kg of water at 40.0C when it is placed in contact with 1.00 kg of 20.0C water in reaching equilibrium? (b) What is the change in entropy due to this heat transfer? (c) How much work is made unavailable, taking the lowest temperature to be 20.0C ? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy.arrow_forwardSuppose you build a two-engine device with the exhaust energy output from one heat engine supplying the input energy for a second heat engine. We say that the two engines arc running in series. Let e1 and e2 represent the efficiencies of the two engines. (a) The overall efficiency of the two-engine device is defined as the total work output divided by the energy put into the first engine by heat. Show that the overall efficiency e is given by e=e1+e2e1e2 What If? For parts (b) through (e) that follow, assume the two engines are Carnot engines. Engine 1 operates between temperatures Th and Ti. The gas in engine 2 varies in temperature between Ti and Tc. In terms of the temperatures, (b) what is the efficiency of the combination engine? (c) Does an improvement in net efficiency result from the use of two engines instead of one? (d) What value of the intermediate temperature Ti results in equal work being done by each of the two engines in series? (e) What value of Ti results in each of the two engines in series having the same efficiency?arrow_forward(a) What is the change in entropy if you start with 10 coins in the 5 heads and 5 tails macrostate, toss them, and get 2 heads and 8 tails? (b) How much more likely is 5 heads and 5 tails than 2 heads and 8 tails? (Take the ratio of the number of microstates to find out.) (c) If you were betting on 2 heads and 8 tails would you accept odds of 252 to 45? Explain Why or why not. Table 15.5 10Coin Toss MacrostateNumber of Microstates (W) Heads Tails 10 0 1 9 1 10 8 2 45 7 3 120 6 4 210 5 5 252 4 6 210 3 7 120 2 8 45 1 9 10 0 10 1 Total: 1024arrow_forward
- Explain why a building made of bricks has smaller entropy than the same bricks in a disorganized pile. Do this by considering the number of ways that each could be formed (the number of microstates in each macrostate).arrow_forward(a) Ten grams of H2O stats as ice at 0 . The ice absorbs heat from the air (just above 0 ) until all of it melts. Calculate the entropy change of the H2O, of the air, and of the universe. (b) Suppose that the air in part (a) is at 20 rather than 0 and that the ice absorbs heat until it becomes water at 20 . Calculate the entropy change of the H2O, of the air, and of the universe. (c) Is either of these processes reversible?arrow_forwardA monoatomic ideal gas (n moles) goes through a cyclic process shown below. Find the change in entropy of the gas in each step and the total entropy change over the entire cycle.arrow_forward
- College PhysicsPhysicsISBN:9781285737027Author:Raymond A. Serway, Chris VuillePublisher:Cengage LearningCollege PhysicsPhysicsISBN:9781305952300Author:Raymond A. Serway, Chris VuillePublisher:Cengage LearningCollege PhysicsPhysicsISBN:9781938168000Author:Paul Peter Urone, Roger HinrichsPublisher:OpenStax College
- Physics for Scientists and EngineersPhysicsISBN:9781337553278Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage LearningPhysics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern ...PhysicsISBN:9781337553292Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage LearningPrinciples of Physics: A Calculus-Based TextPhysicsISBN:9781133104261Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage Learning