Astronomy
1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168284
Author: Andrew Fraknoi; David Morrison; Sidney C. Wolff
Publisher: OpenStax
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Textbook Question
Chapter 16, Problem 21E
What mechanism transfers heat away from the surface of the Moon? If the Moon is losing energy in this way, why does it not simply become colder and colder?
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Chapter 16 Solutions
Astronomy
Ch. 16 - How do we know the age of the Sun?Ch. 16 - Explain how we know that the Sun’s energy is not...Ch. 16 - What is the ultimate source of energy that makes...Ch. 16 - What are the formulas for the three steps in the...Ch. 16 - How is a neutrino different from a neutron? List...Ch. 16 - Describe in your own words what is meant by the...Ch. 16 - Two astronomy students travel to South Dakota. One...Ch. 16 - What do measurements of the number of neutrinos...Ch. 16 - Do neutrinos have mass? Describe how the answer to...Ch. 16 - Neutrinos produced in the core of the Sun carry...
Ch. 16 - What conditions are required before proton-proton...Ch. 16 - Describe the two main ways that energy travels...Ch. 16 - Someone suggests that astronomers build a special...Ch. 16 - Earth contains radioactive elements whose decay...Ch. 16 - The Sun is much larger and more massive than...Ch. 16 - A friend who has not had the benefit of an...Ch. 16 - Which of the following transformations is (are)...Ch. 16 - Why is a higher temperature required to fuse...Ch. 16 - Earth’s atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium....Ch. 16 - Explain what it means when we say that Earth’s...Ch. 16 - What mechanism transfers heat away from the...Ch. 16 - Suppose you are standing a few feet away from a...Ch. 16 - Give some everyday examples of the transport of...Ch. 16 - Suppose the proton-proton cycle in the Sun were to...Ch. 16 - Do you think that nuclear fusion takes place in...Ch. 16 - Why is fission not an important energy source in...Ch. 16 - Why do you suppose so great a fraction of the...Ch. 16 - Explain how mathematical computer models allow us...Ch. 16 - Estimate the amount of mass that is converted to...Ch. 16 - How much energy is released when a proton combines...Ch. 16 - The Sun converts 4109 kg of mass to energy every...Ch. 16 - Assume that the mass of the Sun is 75% hydrogen...Ch. 16 - In fact, the conversion of mass to energy in the...Ch. 16 - Now suppose that all of the hydrogen atoms in the...Ch. 16 - Models of the Sun indicate that only about 10% of...Ch. 16 - Show that the statement in the text is correct:...Ch. 16 - Every second, the Sun converts 4 million tons of...Ch. 16 - Raymond Davis Jr.’s neutrino detector contained...
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- Why does the Moon not have an atmosphere?arrow_forwardmake a model of how CO, keeps heat ( infrared radiation) trapped in an atmosphere. Revisit the question on why the temperature is lower on Mars than earth and on Earth than Venusarrow_forwardThe planet Venus is different from the earth in several respects. First, it is only 70% as far from the sun. Second, its thick clouds reflect 77% of all incident sunlight. Finally, its atmosphere is much more opaque to infrared light. Calculate the solar constant at the location of Venus, and estimate what the average surface temperature of Venus would be if it had no atmosphere and did not reflect any sunlight.arrow_forward
- The temperature of the layer of the Sun that is visible to the human eye is approximately 5,800 K. Use Stefan's Law to estimate radiant flux of the Sun, which is the number of Watts of radiant power leaving each square meter of the Sun's surface. pick a choice a. 3.3 x 10^-4 Watts b. 1.9 Watts c. 6.4 x 10^7 Watts d. 6.4 x 10^11 Wattsarrow_forwardThe Moon has no sustained atmosphere. What advantages would you have if you built an observatory on the lunar surface? (Select all that apply.) a. On Earth, large mirrors in telescopes can sag under their own weight. Without an atmosphere to apply pressure, mirrors on the Moon would not sag. b. We could observe during the day. Without an atmosphere, sunlight is not scattered and the sky remains dark. c. We could observe continuously, because there would never be any clouds. d. The Moon is closer to many stars than the Earth, and lunar-based telescopes would produce images with more detail based on this closer proximity. e. There is no atmosphere to absorb or scatter radiation, so all wavelengths of light could be observed with lunar-based telescopes, from radio waves to gamma rays. f. Distortion of mirrors due to temperature shifts would no longer be an issue, without an atmosphere to retain the heat from sunlight. g. Without atmospheric turbulence, there would be no…arrow_forwardNear the martian equator, temperatures at the same spot can vary from an average of 135 °C at night to an average of 30 °C during the day. How can you explain such a wide difference in temperature compared to that on Earth?arrow_forward
- Give some everyday examples of the transport of heat by convection and by radiation.arrow_forwardIn each situation listed, an objects temperature increases. For each situation, decide if energy was transferred to the object through heat or work. Explain your answers. a. A pitcher of water is removed from the refrigerator and left on the kitchen counter. b. A rubber ball is bounced (repeatedly) against the floor. c. A meteor falls through the Earths atmosphere.arrow_forwardConvert the following Kelvin temperatures to the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales: (a) the midday temperature at the surface of the moon (400 K); (b) the temperature at the tops of the clouds in the atmosphere of Saturn (95 K); (c) the temperature at the center of the sun (1.55 * 107 K).arrow_forward
- The temperature at one of the Viking sites on Mars was found to vary daily from -90.0°F to -5.0°C. Convert these temperatures to Kelvin. __________________________________________________________ Mercury boils at 357°C and freezes at -38.9°C. Convert these temperatures to Kelvin. __________________________________________________________ Can a mercury thermometer be used to measure temperatures between 500°C and 600°C? between 100°C and 200°C? __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________arrow_forwardHow do the wavelengths of most of the radiation emitted by the sun differ from those emitted by the surfaceof the earth?- DRAW YOUR ANSWERarrow_forward
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