UNIVERSE (LOOSELEAF):STARS+GALAXIES
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781319115043
Author: Freedman
Publisher: MAC HIGHER
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Chapter 16, Problem 50Q
To determine
The amount of visible light emitted by the Sun varies only little over the 11 year sunspot cycle. But the number of x-ray emitted by the Sun can be 10 times greater at the solar maxima than at solarminima. Explain the reason for this variation in these two types of
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a) At solar maximum sunspots might cover up to 0.4% of the total area of the Sun. If the sunspots have a temperature of 3800 K and the surrounding photosphere has a temperature of 6000 K, calculate the fractional change (as a percentage) in the luminosity due to the presence of the sunspots.
b) A star of the same stellar class as the Sun is observed regularly over many years, and a time series of its bolometric apparent magnitude is collected. What would be the signal in this time series which indicated that the star had a magnetic dynamo similar to the Sun? Briefly describe two or three possible sources of other signals which could confuse the interpretation of the data.
1) a) At what rate is the Sun's mass decreasing due to nuclear reactions Am/At? Use E=mc? and
Lsun=3.839x1026 W and give your answer in Msun/year.
b) And due to solar wind? Calculate the flow using v=500 km/s measured on Earth, n=7x106
particles/m³ and µ=1.
c) Assuming that those 2 processes rates remain constant during the Sun's main-sequence
life, would either mass loss process significantly affect the total mass of the Sun? Use that the
Sun's lifetime in the main-sequence is ~ 1010 years.
Explain why there is the low number of observed solar neutrinos?
Chapter 16 Solutions
UNIVERSE (LOOSELEAF):STARS+GALAXIES
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- Show that the statement that 92% of the Sun’s atoms are hydrogen is consistent with the statement that 73% of the Sun’s mass is made up of hydrogen, as found in Table 15.2. (Hint: Make the simplifying assumption, which is nearly correct, that the Sun is made up entirely of hydrogen and helium.)arrow_forwardIf you were located 100 km from a 1 GW nuclear power plant,what would the neutrino flux be at your location? Assume that a1 GW nuclear power plant releases 1021 neutrinos per second andyou present a 1 m2 surface to the neutrino flux.arrow_forward2. Assume that the entire luminosity of the Sun is due to the PP chain reaction. The complete PP chain reaction converts 4 hydrogen nuclei into 1 helium nucleus, according to the following reaction: 4 H - He + 2e* + 2v. a. Estimate the amount of energy released by one complete reaction. b. Estimate how many of these reactions occur per second in the Sun, and how many neutrinos the Sun produces each second. c. Estimate the flux of neutrinos (in v's s' cm?) passing through the Earth.arrow_forward
- 1 Solar constant, Sun, and the 10 pc distance! The luminosity of Sun is + 4- 1026 W - 4- 1033ergs-1, The Sun is located at a distance of m from the Earth. The Earth receives a radiant flux (above its atmosphere) of F = 1365W m- 2, also known as the solar constant. What would have been the Solar contact if the Sun was at a distance of 10 pc ? 1AU 1 1.5-+ 1011arrow_forwardThe sun has a radius of 6.959 × 108 m and a surface temperature of 5.81 x 10° K. When the sun radiates at a rate of 3.91 x 1026 W and is a perfect emitter. What is the rate of energy emitted per square meter? Stefan-Boltzmann constant is 5.67 x 10-8 J/s-m2 K4 a) 5.6 x 107 W/m2 b) 12.8 x 107 W/m2 c) 6.4 x 107 W/m2 25.6 x 107 W/m2 5.6 x 1017 W/m2arrow_forwardI asked this question already but the answer was wrong and I couldn't follow along with the work so I was hoping you could try again A Sun-like star has a power output of 3.1·1026 W with 87.3% of this energy supplied by the proton-proton chain. How many protons are consumed per second in the core of this star?arrow_forward
- Considering your answer to the above question, how does this timescale for the Sun's evaporation by the solar wind compare to the age of the Universe? O The solar wind evaporation time is much longer than the age of the Universe O The solar wind evaporation time is much shorter than the age of the Universe. O The solar wind evaporation time is close to the age of the Universe (ie, within a few billion yearsarrow_forwardW S 7 What is the ultimate source of energy that makes the Sun shine? nuclear fusion O mechanical to thermal energy conversion O Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction O radioactivity O chemical burning # 3 e d с $ A t 4 f do in % 5 t D.O Σ Oll 6 0 T & 7 h ▸ u 8arrow_forwarda.Calculate the mass loss rate of the Sun M˙ due to the solar wind flow. Assume averageproperties of the solar wind of number density 6 protons cm−3, and a flow speed of 450 kms−1. Express your answer in units of both kg per year, and solar masses per year. b.Suppose the solar wind flow is perfectly radial. Calculate the expected rate of change ofsolar rotation frequency dω/dt at the present time, based on conservation of angular momentum. Give your answer in units of rad s−1 y−1(i.e., radians per second per year) and alsoin terms of fractional change per year, i.e., 1/ωdω/dt .Use a current solar rotation period of P = 25.38 days to calculate the current angularfrequency of rotation ω. The moment of inertia of a uniform sphere is 2/5 MR2. You canassume that the radius of the Sun is approximately constant, and the change in its momentof inertia due to the solar wind is only due to the mass loss. c.By observing the rotation period of stars similar to the Sun, it is inferred that their…arrow_forward
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