Concept explainers
Introduction:
B cells or B lymphocytes are produced and matured in the red bone marrow. Plasma cells are differentiated B cells that secrete immunoglobulins or antibodies into the lymph or blood. Antibodies are classified into five, namely antibodies IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD. Antibodies play important role in the immune system, they destroy pathogens by recognizing their antigens. B cells have receptors for recognition of antigens and activate antibody response. They act against the extracellular pathogens or toxins and involved in the humoral immune response.
T cells or T lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow and matured in the thymus. T cells play a crucial function in the cell-mediated immunity. T cells act against intracellular pathogens (for example, viruses) or antigens and they activate the cell-mediated immune response. T cells are classified into three classes (cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and regulatory T cells) according to surface molecules and functions.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 16 Solutions
Microbiology: ... by Body (Instructor's)
- TRUE OR FALSE 1. Inflammation is only caused by exogenous substances/organisms 2. Medical laboratory scientists test the presence of active inflammationarrow_forward"Short answer quickly" 7. What are the important nursing interventions and health teachings for a patient with AIDS, experiencing opportunistic infections?arrow_forwardPlease help! Research and describe a rapid antibody test used to detect a disease. Answer the following questions in your post: Name of test Name of disease used for Manufacturer What antibodies are tested for (class of antibodies) Why are those specific class/classes of antibodies tested for? Is the test considered reliable? Why or why not is it reliable? Would you use this test for yourself or your family? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- Question 1 Nursing. Innate lymphoid cells reside primarily in tissues such as the lungs, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin, because these sites represent the major routes of entry of pathogens into the body. Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist, and each is specialized to respond to a category of pathogen (e.g., viruses, extracellular bacteria, helminthic parasites, etc). a) True b) Falsearrow_forwardMultiple choice 2. Nursingarrow_forwardImmune System Animations Answer the questions while you watch the animations. Animation: The Process of Phagocytosis 1. Which component of complement coats bacteria to enhance phagocytosis? 2. This process of coating to enhance phagocytosis is called 3. The microbe is engulfed into a vacuole known as a 4. Vesicles in the cytoplasm called fuse with the phagosome. 5. The digested contents of the phagolysosome are eliminated from the phagocyte by Animation: Cytotoxic T-cell Activity against target cells 1. Peptide fragments from an infected virus are complexed with and displayed on the surface of the infected cell. 2. A cytotoxic T cell interacts with the virus-infected cells by recognizing both the and the 3. The cytotoxic T cell releases cytotoxins which induce in the infected cell and perforin, which causes, in the cell membrane. 4. Cytotoxic T cells remain detach from the infected cell and move on to other Animation: The Immune Response 1. Macrophages with antigen fragments displayed…arrow_forward
- TRUE OR FALSE 1. Since a tattoo is a pigment considered as an intracellular accumulation, it is absolutely toxic 2. Even if the cell is intact, there can be an irreversible cell injury if the nucleus is affected 3. There is excessive accumulation of substances in a tissue if you will not only be able to observe them intracellularly but also extracellularlyarrow_forwardPlease don't use chatgpt or anything similar. Provide references to each answer. Thanks 1. How does the concept of immunological memory contribute to the effectiveness of vaccination and long-term immunity? Provide examples to illustrate your answer. 2. Explain how the immune system can recognize and target cancer cells. How does this recognition relate to the concept of "self" and "non-self"? 3. How does the immune system recognize and respond to transplanted organs? What strategies can be employed to prevent organ rejection in transplantation?arrow_forwardTrue/False 5. Graft-versus-host disease can follow a bone marrow isograft.arrow_forward
- Immunology This 29 year old Lab Tech is suffering from fever, persistent fatigue, and joint pain. He reported that a needle in a plastic garbage bag nicked his finger about 2 months ago. His physical examination was within normal limits. His laboratory data, however, revealed elevated liver serum enzyme levels and total bilirubin levels. Additional laboratory data included positive HBsAg and positive IgM anti-HBc. His IgM anti-HAV and anti-HCV tests were negative. 1. Does this patient have a form of infectious hepatitis? If so, what type? 2. Can any further tests be done to confirm the diagnosis? 3. What's the patient’s prognosis?arrow_forwardPlease help me to answer ALL the letters with the correct answer. NO MORE EXPLANATION 2. A 4 month old baby was taken by her mother to the health center you are assigned. The mother reported that the baby had fever for two days already. The baby's temperature is 37.3 0C. The patient lives in San Andres Manila and has never traveled elsewhere. She did not have measles for the past 3 months and has not developed any generalized rash. The baby has cough for 3 days already. What other information would be necessary before you decide on the patient's over-all fever classification? A. episodes of high grade fever B. episodes of diarrhea C. presence of signs of bleeding D. presence of pus draining from the eye.3. An 8 week old infant comes in for check up in the health center you were assigned. The vaccination card of the infant showed that BCG was received a day after her birth and her DPT1, OPV1 and Hep B1 were given on her 6th week. The mother said she tends to forget the baby's follow-up…arrow_forwardDISEASE PATHOGEN SYMPTOMS DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT 1. Bacterial Vaginosis 2. Trichomoniasisarrow_forward