Introduction:
Antibodies are Y-shaped free immunoglobulins secreted by differentiated B cells or plasma cells into the lymph or blood during the antibody immune response. Antibodies are classified into five namely antibodies IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD. Antibodies are composed of two identical heavy and light chains. Antigen-binding sites are located at ends of all four chains of the antibody. Antibodies neutralize antigens of invading organisms by binding with them at specific sites. Thereby, antibodies protect the body by neutralizing the virulence of invading pathogens. Antibody-bound antigens are phagocytosed by leukocytes.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 16 Solutions
Microbiology With Diseases By Body System, Books A La Carte Plus Masteringmicrobiology With Etext -- Access Card Package (4th Edition)
- The complement system of defense is composed of proteins that are always present in the blood. Which statement describes the importance of this system in early pathogen defense? A.) It does not have to be activated by antibodies. B.) It rapidly lower the blood pH. C.) It recognizes specific common pathogens. D.) It causes immediate pathogen lysis.arrow_forwardHybridomas are formed by fusing antibody-producingwhite blood cells with:(a) Viruses(b) Bacteria(c) Myeloma cells(d) Red blood cells(e) Bone marrow cellsarrow_forwardAntibodies are ________. a. antigen receptors c. proteins b. made only by B cells d. all of the abovearrow_forward
- Although interferons have several effects, they are particularly useful against infections with which type of pathogen? a. bacteria b. viruses c. fungi d. helminthsarrow_forwardIf the patient's mother had previously vaccinated her son against chickenpox, what form of immunity would he have had against the virus? A) Active natural immunity B) Passive natural immunity C) Active artificial immunity D) Passive artificial immunityarrow_forwardWhich of these cell types aids the activation of T lymphocytes by antigens? a. Macrophages b. Neutrophils c. Mast cells d. Natural killer cellsarrow_forward
- An allergy can best be defined as ______. A) a component of the humoral response B) an exaggerated response to an allergen C) part of the normal immune response D) a type of cell-mediated adaptive immunityarrow_forwardRed blood cells that are damaged or defective are removed from the circulation by the (a) thymus. (b) lymph nodes. (c) spleen. (d) tonsils.arrow_forwardImmunosuppression is a lowering of the responsiveness ofthe immune system to materials it recognizes as foreign and isproduced by _________and_________ .(a) antibodies and foreign antigens(b) NK cells and allergen desensitizers(c) radiation and cytotoxic drugs(d) hypersensitivity and transplant rejection(e) a and darrow_forward
- Which condition is not an autoimmune disease?a. multiple sclerosis c. systemic lupus erythematosisb. rheumatoid arthritis d. transplant rejectionarrow_forwardAn allergic reaction is an example of: a) the immune system not working at all. b) a deficiency of B cell responses. c) the immune system doing its job too well. d) an overabundance of T cell responses.arrow_forwardWhich of these statements about gamma interferon is false? a. It is a polypeptide autocrine regulator. b. It can be produced in response to viral infections. c. It stimulates the immune system to attack infected cells and tumors. d.It is produced by almost all cells in the body.arrow_forward
- Medical Terminology for Health Professions, Spira...Health & NutritionISBN:9781305634350Author:Ann Ehrlich, Carol L. Schroeder, Laura Ehrlich, Katrina A. SchroederPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningConcepts of BiologyBiologyISBN:9781938168116Author:Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James WisePublisher:OpenStax College