Physical Universe
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780077510534
Author: KRAUSKOPF
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Higher Education (us)
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Textbook Question
Chapter 16, Problem 8MC
Compared with the earth’s crust under the oceans, the crust under the continents is
- a. thinner
- b. thicker
- c. about the same in thickness
- d. in some places thinner and in others thicker
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If we pushed the Earth closer to the Sun, it would develop a thick, CO2-rich atmosphere like Venus. All of that CO2 would come from the Earth's
a.
sea floor after the oceans evaporate
b.
mantle after the crust melts
c.
volcanic eruptions which would become more frequent
d.
polar regions after the ice caps melt
Which of the following is most responsible for the
formation of new crust ar the edge of a tectonic
plate?
A. mountain building at a continent-continent
convergent boundary
B. magma rising up from the mantle at a
divergent boundary
С.
two tectonic plates sliding past one another at
a transform boundary
D.
subduction of one oceanic plate under another
at a convergent boundary
5. The "iceberg analogy" for the isostatic equilibrium of the continental crust turns out to be quite
the relative density of icebergs versus seawater is close to the relative density of continental crust versus mantle.
Glacial ice is about 15% less dense than seawater; likewise continental crust is about 15% less dense than the
mantle. This leads to a simple rule that we can call the 1-to-8 rule: for every 1 unit of extra elevation for an
iceberg or a mountain belt, there need to be 8 units of total thickness. These iceberg examples illustrate the
idea:
an iceberg 3 meters
above sea level is
24 meters thick
an iceberg 1 meter
above sea level is
8 meters thick
an iceberg 2 meters
above sea level is
16 meters thick
3m
2m
water level
1m
>7m
14m
21m
For the following questions, apply the 1-to-8 rule, assuming continental crust in isostatic equilibrium.
a. Continental crust at sea level averages about 35 kilometers thick. (1 km = 0.6 miles.) Therefore,
in general, how thick must the crust…
Chapter 16 Solutions
Physical Universe
Ch. 16 - A crack in the earths crust along which movement...Ch. 16 - A long, narrow bay with an irregular outline, such...Ch. 16 - The rugged character of mountain landscapes is...Ch. 16 - The ancient supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana...Ch. 16 - A mountain range that was not once part of the...Ch. 16 - North America, Greenland, and most of Eurasia once...Ch. 16 - The shell of rigid rock that makes up the earths...Ch. 16 - Compared with the earths crust under the oceans,...Ch. 16 - Compared with the continents, the ocean floors are...Ch. 16 - The ocean floor near a midocean ridge a. has the...
Ch. 16 - According to the hypothesis of seafloor spreading,...Ch. 16 - The number of large plates into which the...Ch. 16 - In the course of 100 years, a lithospheric plate...Ch. 16 - A region where an edge of a lithospheric plate...Ch. 16 - Most volcanoes are found a. where continental...Ch. 16 - The Indian subcontinent a. was always part of Asia...Ch. 16 - Iceland was once a. a coral reef b. magma that...Ch. 16 - The San Andreas Fault in California is the result...Ch. 16 - If the processes of plate tectonics were to stop...Ch. 16 - The theory of evolution is supported by which one...Ch. 16 - An uneven surface on which a horizontal upper bed...Ch. 16 - Prob. 22MCCh. 16 - Prob. 23MCCh. 16 - Fossils are least likely to be found in a....Ch. 16 - Conditions for the preservation of fossils are...Ch. 16 - The division of geologic time into eras and...Ch. 16 - The earth was formed a. in 4004 B.C. b. about 2...Ch. 16 - Prob. 28MCCh. 16 - Precambrian rocks are a. never found b. extremely...Ch. 16 - Living things have been present on the earth a....Ch. 16 - The oxygen in the atmosphere a. was present since...Ch. 16 - Ancient geologic processes as revealed in...Ch. 16 - Coal is composed of a. petrified wood b. buried...Ch. 16 - A bed of coal usually implies that the region was...Ch. 16 - Prob. 35MCCh. 16 - Amphibians, fishes, and marine invertebrates were...Ch. 16 - The dinosaurs were which one or more of the...Ch. 16 - Dinosaurs were abundant in the a. Cenozoic b....Ch. 16 - Prob. 39MCCh. 16 - The leading explanation for the disappearance of...Ch. 16 - The ancestors of the birds were a. reptiles b....Ch. 16 - During the Cenozoic Era a. Laurasia and Gondwana...Ch. 16 - Pangaea broke up into Laurasia and Gondwana, which...Ch. 16 - The line of descent of humans broke away from that...Ch. 16 - The Cenozoic Era represents a period a. of almost...Ch. 16 - During the most recent ice age a. there was a...Ch. 16 - What landscape features are associated with...Ch. 16 - List all the evidence you can for each of the...Ch. 16 - What geologic process is chiefly responsible for...Ch. 16 - Deposits of igneous rocks are found intruded in...Ch. 16 - Why is it believed that the region where the Rocky...Ch. 16 - What kind of biological evidence supports the...Ch. 16 - The eastern coast of South America is a good fit...Ch. 16 - (a) Where was the Tethys Sea located? (b) Are...Ch. 16 - Which of todays continents were once part of...Ch. 16 - Which is denser, the granitic rock of the...Ch. 16 - (a) What is the difference between the earths...Ch. 16 - North America, Greenland, and Eurasia fit quite...Ch. 16 - How do the ages of the ocean floors compare with...Ch. 16 - When continental drift was proposed almost a...Ch. 16 - The energy source of erosional processes is the...Ch. 16 - Where do subduction zones occur? What happens at...Ch. 16 - The Himalayas are the highest mountain range on...Ch. 16 - How does the origin of the Himalayas differ from...Ch. 16 - Which are younger, the Rocky Mountains or the...Ch. 16 - Is the Atlantic Ocean becoming narrower or wider?...Ch. 16 - Prob. 21ECh. 16 - In what geological zones are most volcanoes found?Ch. 16 - Which plate collisions are responsible for...Ch. 16 - The distance between the continental shelves of...Ch. 16 - The oldest sediments found on the floor of the...Ch. 16 - In Fig. 16-47, beds A to F consist of sedimentary...Ch. 16 - (a) What is an unconformity? (b) If one is shown...Ch. 16 - What is a fault? If one is shown in Fig. 16-47,...Ch. 16 - What is the basis of the radiocarbon dating...Ch. 16 - The half-life of rubidium-87 is 47 billion years,...Ch. 16 - The half-life of potassium-40 is 1.3 billion...Ch. 16 - Why are fossils still useful in dating rock...Ch. 16 - List as many different kinds of fossils as you...Ch. 16 - Why are most fossils found in beds that were once...Ch. 16 - What is the basis for the division of geologic...Ch. 16 - What is the basis for the division of geologic...Ch. 16 - What is the oldest division of geologic time? In...Ch. 16 - During what divisions of geologic time have living...Ch. 16 - The earths history is sometimes divided into two...Ch. 16 - The early atmosphere of the earth probably...Ch. 16 - Precambrian rocks include sedimentary, igneous,...Ch. 16 - Precambrian rocks are exposed over a large part of...Ch. 16 - What conspicuous difference is there between...Ch. 16 - What are the chief kinds of organisms that have...Ch. 16 - Paleozoic sedimentary rocks derived from marine...Ch. 16 - Which of the following are found in Paleozoic rock...Ch. 16 - Why is it believed that large parts of the United...Ch. 16 - Under what circumstances is coal formed?Ch. 16 - What is believed to be the origin of petroleum? Of...Ch. 16 - What are some of the chief differences between...Ch. 16 - What kind of animals were the dinosaurs? Were they...Ch. 16 - What is believed to be the reason or reasons for...Ch. 16 - From what type of animal did birds evolve? Are...Ch. 16 - About 200 million years ago todays continents were...Ch. 16 - The same reptiles were present on all continents...Ch. 16 - In rocks of what era or eras would you expect to...Ch. 16 - What were the ice ages? When did they occur?Ch. 16 - The Scandinavian landmass of Norway and Sweden has...Ch. 16 - Minnesota has a great many shallow lakes. How do...
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- 12. Which part of the earth makes up about one-third of earth’s total mass and is mostly iron witha solid part and a part that acts like a liquid?A. mantle B. core C. crust D. asthenospherearrow_forwardWhich of the following is the most related to plate tectonics activity? a climate b. volcanos and earthquakes c. wind and ocean currents d. glaciers and blizzardsarrow_forward13. How deep in the crust is 10 kbar? Lithostatic pressure within the crusts results from the weight of the rocks above. Assume an average density of 2750 kg/m3. Use the equation P=p*g*h or P/(p *g)=h 23kPa/m P=pressure (e.g. kbar), p=density, g-gravity 9.8 m/s2, h= depth (m), 1 kbar=1,000 bars, 1 bar=100,000 Pa, 1 Pa=kg/(m*s2), 1 kbar =100,000,000 Pa, 1 km =1000 m. Give your answer in kilometers.arrow_forward
- A rift valley is evidence of which kind of plate boundary? A. convergent B. divergent C. transform D. uniform O A O B Ос O Darrow_forwardThe origin of Earth's magnetism is due to moving charges in Earth's? A. liquid inner core B. liquid outer core C. solid inner core D. solid outer corearrow_forwardQ2. To illustrate the tremendous pressure that exists deep underground where granite bodies are emplaced, answer the following question. Stone Mountain granite in Georgia has an area of 4.1 square kilometers and was emplaced 16 km deep. If we assume that Stone Mountain granite is present in an area that has more or less a rectangular shape with dimensions of 1 km by 4.1 km and that it was buried under 16 km of metamorphic rock material with a density of 2.6 g/cm³. We can calculate the weight of metamorphic rock over the Stone Mountain granite when it was emplaced and before erosion removed that material. First, we need the volume of the metamorphic rock that existed over Stone Mountain. The volume of a rectangular prism that represents the metamorphic rock over Stone Mountain is length x width x height. In our case: 1 km x 4.1 km x 16 km= 65.6 km³ Now we can use the relationship: Density x Volume= Mass However, we need to change our density units from 2.6 g/cm3 to kg/km3, and then we…arrow_forward
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