Personal Taxes, Bankruptcy Costs, and Firm Value Overnight Publishing Company (OPC) has $2.5 million in excess cash. The firm plans to use this cash either to retire all of its outstanding debt or to repurchase equity. The firm’s debt is held by one institution that is willing to sell it back to OPC for $2.5 million. The institution will not charge OPC any transaction costs. Once OPC becomes an all-equity firm, it will remain unlevered forever. If OPC does not retire the debt, the company will use the $2.5 million in cash to buy back some of its stock on the open market. Repurchasing stock also has no transaction costs. The company will generate $1,300,000 of annual earnings before interest and taxes in perpetuity regardless of its capital structure. The firm immediately pays out all earnings as dividends at the end of each year. OPC is subject to a corporate tax rate of 35 percent and the required
- a. What is the value of OPC if it chooses to retire all of its debt and become an unlevered 11nn?
- b. What is the value of OPC if is decides to repurchase stock instead of retiring its debt'? (Hint: Use the equation for the value of a levered firm with personal tax on interest income from the previous problem.)
- c. Assume that expected bankruptcy costs have a present value of $400,000. How does this influence OPC’s decision?
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- The Morrit Corporation has $480,000 of debt outstanding, and it pays an interest rate of 8% annually. Morrit's annual sales are $3 million, its average tax rate is 25%, and its net profit margin on sales is 4%. If the company does not maintain a TIE ratio of at least 4 to 1, then its bank will refuse to renew the loan, and bankruptcy will result. What is Morrit's TIE ratio? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places.arrow_forwardKing, Incorporated, has debt outstanding with a face value of $4.3 million. The value of the firm if it were entirely financed by equity would be $17.9 million. The company also has 320,000 shares of stock outstanding that sell at a price of $44 per share. The corporate tax rate is 21 percent. What is the decrease in the value of the company due to expected bankruptcy costs? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, e.g., 1,234,567.)arrow_forwardWoods Construction Corp. has no debt and expects to earn annual NOP of $6,400,000 indefinitely. Woods has a required return on assets of 13%, a corporate tax rate of 23%, and there are no taxes on dividends or interest at the personal level. In any year, there is a 20% chance that Woods will go bankrupt. If bankruptcy occurs it will result in $11,000,000 worth of direct and indirect costs that would be discounted at the required return for assets. a. What is the present value of expected bankruptcy costs for Woods? The present value of expected bankruptcy costs for Woods is $ ?. (Round to the nearest dollar.) b. What is the firm value for Woods? The firm value for Woods is $? (Round to the nearest dollar.) c. What is the revised firm value for Woods if its shareholders face a 28% personal tax rate on stock-related income? If its shareholders face a 28% personal tax rate on stock-related income, the revised firm value for Woods is $ ? (Round to the nearest…arrow_forward
- Alumbat Corporation has $800,000 of debt outstanding, and it pays an interest rate of 10 percentannually on its bank loan. Alumbat’s annual sales are $3,200,000, its average tax rate is 40 percent,and its net profit margin on sales is 6 percent. If the company does not maintain a TIE ratio of at least 4times, its bank will refuse to renew its loan, and bankruptcy will result. What is Alumbat’s current TIEratio?arrow_forwardSwindle Company is experiencing financial difficulty and is negotiating debt restructuring with its creditor to relieve its financial stress. Swindle has a $3,500,000 bank loan payable with Love Bank. The bank accepted an equity interest in Swindle Company in the form of 300,000 ordinary shares quoted at $12 per share. The par value is $10 per share. The fair value of the bank loan payable on the date of restructuring is $3,200,000. What amount should be recognized as gain from debt extinguishment as a result of the equity swap?arrow_forwardAlum Co. has $800,000 of debt outstanding, and it pays an interest rate of 10% annually on its bank loan. Alum’s annual sales are $3,200,000, its average tax rate is 40%, and its net profit margin on sales is 6%. If the company does not maintain a times interest earned ratio of at least 4 times, its bank will refuse to renew its loan, and bankruptcy will result. What is Alum Co.’s current times interest earned ratio?arrow_forward
- A company needs to raise $9 million and issues bonds for that amount rather than additional capital stock. Which of the following is not a likely reason the company chose debt financing? A. Management hopes to increase profits by using financial leveraging. B. The cost of borrowing is reduced because interest expense is tax deductible. C. Adding new owners increases the possibility of bankruptcy if economic conditions get worse. D. If money becomes available, the company can rid itself of debts.arrow_forwardSeal Company is experiencing financial difficulty and is negotiating debt restructuring with its creditor to relieve its financial stress. Seal has a P2,500,000 note payable to United Bank. The bank accepted an equity interest in Seal Company in the form of 200,000 ordinary shares quoted at P12 per share. The par value is P10 per share. The fair value of the note payable on the date of restructuring is P2,200,000. What amount should be recognized as gain from debt extinguishment as a result of the "equity swap”? a. 400,000 b. 100,000 c. 500,000 d. 200,000arrow_forwardThe common stock and debt of XYZ Co. are valued $60 million and $40 million respectively. Currently cost of equity of the company is 18% and its cost of debt is 9%. If the company issues an additional $20 million of common stock and uses all of this cash to retire debt, what will be the new required rate of return on company’s equity? Assume change in leverage does not affect risk of debt and there are no taxes.arrow_forward
- Refi Corporation is planning to repurchase part of its common stock by issuing corporate debt. As a result, the firm’s debt-equity ratio is expected to rise from 30 percent to 50 percent. The firm currently has $2.7 million worth of debt outstanding. The cost of this debt is 9 percent per year. The firm expects to have an EBIT of $1.26 million per year in perpetuity and pays no taxes. a. What is the market value of the firm before and after the repurchase announcement? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers in dollars, not millions of dollars, rounded to the nearest whole number, e.g., 1,234,567.) b. What is the expected return on the firm’s equity before the announcement of the stock repurchase plan? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) c. What is the expected return on the equity of an otherwise identical all-equity firm? (Do not round intermediate calculations and…arrow_forwardShadow, Inc., is planning to repurchase part of its common stock by issuing corporate debt. As a result, the firm’s debt-equity ratio is expected to rise from 30 percent to 50 percent. The firm currently has $4.5 million worth of debt outstanding. The cost of this debt is 8 percent per year. Shadow expects to have an EBIT of $1.8 million per year in perpetuity. Shadow pays no taxes. (1) What is the market value of Shadow, Inc. before and after the repurchase announcement? (2) What is the expected return on the firm’s equity before the announcement of the stock repurchase plan?arrow_forwardRefi Corporation is planning to repurchase part of its common stock by issuing corporate debt. As a result, the firm’s debt-equity ratio is expected to rise from 35 percent to 50 percent. The firm currently has $3.1 million worth of debt outstanding. The cost of this debt is 8 percent per year. The firm expects to have an EBIT of $1.3 million per year in perpetuity and pays no taxes. a. What is the market value of the firm before and after the repurchase announcement? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answers in dollars, not millions of dollars, rounded to the nearest whole number, e.g., 1,234,567.) b. What is the expected return on the firm’s equity before the announcement of the stock repurchase plan? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) c. What is the expected return on the equity of an otherwise identical all-equity firm? (Do not round intermediate calculations and…arrow_forward
- Intermediate Financial Management (MindTap Course...FinanceISBN:9781337395083Author:Eugene F. Brigham, Phillip R. DavesPublisher:Cengage Learning