Concept explainers
To explain: The advantages for separate organisms to become united into a single organism in the evolution of eukaryotes.
Introduction: Change in the heritable characteristics of the living organisms over time is known as evolution. There are changes in the genome that are transferred over generations. Evolution takes place mainly due to evolutionary forces such as mutation, genetic recombination, and so on. Organisms having a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane are known as eukaryotes.
Explanation of Solution
Archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes are three large domains of living organisms. Archaea and bacteria, when compared to eukaryotes, are relatively small and simple. Eukaryotes have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane in a cell. Linear DNA is present inside the nucleus of eukaryotes. The eukaryotic cell is complex as compared to archaea and bacteria. Eukaryotic cells evolved into multicellular organisms, and a new era of life exploded on the Earth. Mitochondria existed as a free-living organism before, and it exists now inside the eukaryotic cell, which acts as a powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria produce chemical energy required for the cell. Eukaryotes are the descendants of the separate prokaryotic cells according to the evidence. Eukaryotic cells and separate prokaryotic cells joined together in a symbiotic union giving rise to multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
“Internal” symbiosis, where one organism lives permanently inside another organism and eventually becomes united into a single organism is known as endosymbiosis.
Following are the advantages for separate organisms to become united into a single organism in the evolution of eukaryotes:
- Mitochondria produce chemical energy required for the cell.
- Cell provides protection and nutrient-rich environment to the mitochondria.
Therefore, establishing a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between the mitochondria and the eukaryotic cell is advantageous for both.
Thus, mitochondria provide chemical energy and receive a secured environment in return, making it beneficial for the mitochondria and the eukaryotic cell to become united into a single organism.
To explain: The more recently evolved, examples of intimate symbiosis that function as a single integrated organism.
Introduction: Change in the heritable characteristics of the living organisms over time is known as evolution. There are changes in the genome that are transferred over generations. Evolution takes place mainly due to evolutionary forces such as mutation, genetic recombination, and so on. Organisms having a nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane are known as eukaryotes.
Explanation of Solution
When an organism lives inside another organism permanently and they become united into one organism, it is known as intimate symbiosis. When two organisms belonging to different species exist in a relationship where each organism benefits from the other is known as mutualism.
Following are the more recently evolved examples of intimate symbiosis:
- Algae–
fungus association:Green algae live among the filaments of fungus, and this symbiotic relationship gives rise to a single united organism called lichen. Fungus derives essential nutrients from the algae, and it provides algae an environment to live safely.
- Zooxanthellae and corals:
Coral tissues provide a safe place for the zooxanthellae to live, and the zooxanthellae also use waste products by the corals to obtain nutrients in order to perform photosynthesis. The sugars produced by the photosynthesis done by zooxanthellae are in turn used by the corals as a source of energy.
- Rhino and tickbird:
Tickbird feeds on parasites such as ticks that live on the large mammals such as rhino. Tickbirds, therefore, feed on these parasites obtaining a source of food, and rhino, on the other hand, gets rid of the parasites living on them.
- Crocodile and plover bird:
Plover bird is a small bird, and as crocodile is unable to floss its teeth, plover birds help it get rid of the food stuck between its teeth when the crocodile invites the bird to do so after opening the mouth. The bird flies away after clearing the food. This way the bird gets its daily requirement of food, and the food stuck between the teeth of the crocodile is also removed by the bird.
- Sea anemone and clown fish:
Clown fish are protected from the stingy tentacles of sea anemone, as they have a slimy mucus covering. Sea anemone provides food to the clown fish, and the clown fish in return cleans the leftovers of small fishes as well as algae from the sea anemone. Clown fish also fans fins of sea anemone, providing them better circulation.
- Ants and non-toxic acacia trees:
Non-toxic acacia trees provide the plant with a place to live along with food and in return ants act as protectors and protect the plants from herbivores and pathogens.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
- Draw a simple cladogram illustrating the relationships among the following: Common ancestor of all organisms, domain Eukarya, domain Bacteria, domain Archaea. To which domain do the organisms informally known as protists belong? To which domain do you belong?arrow_forwardIn which of the following taxonomic groups would organisms have the least number of similarities?arrow_forwardWhat event is thought to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes? a. global warming b. glaciation c. volcanic activity d. oxygenation of the atmospherearrow_forward
- Why do some species survive while others go extinct? Explainarrow_forwardWhat do the multiple branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree indicate about the evolution of eukaryotes? A. that unikonts are derived from the SAR clade B. that Archaeplastids were the first eukaryotes C. that fungi are more closely related to plants than animals D. that eukaryotes are all descended from a common ancestorarrow_forwardDid symbiosis play important role in development of eukaryotes?arrow_forward
- Certain protists species cause human disease that are difficult to treat and are often deadly. How does the evolutionary relatedness of humans and protists explain the difficultly of treating a person infected with a pathogenic protist?arrow_forwardSuppose we find an organism living on a dead log in the mangrove forest of Everglades National Park. This organism is prokaryotic and does not eat. It is made up of only one cell. What domain/kingdom is it probably in? Group of answer choices Animalia Plantae Protista Fungi Eubacteriaarrow_forwardWhy are vestigial structures among organisms evidence for evolution? Give an example of another vestigial structure.arrow_forward
- If the multicellular organisms arise from the unicellular organisms, can you tell that all the species/ organisms are related to one anotherarrow_forwardDiscuss the Endosymbiotic Theory. Do you think it is a strong explanation on how the eukaryotes emerged on Earth?arrow_forwardWhich group of eukaryotic organisms is most similar to plants?arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education