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Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Carbon atom that changes its oxidation state during the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is to be shown and the
Concept introduction:
An enzyme is a substance produced by a living organism, which acts as a catalyst to complete a particular biochemical reaction. An enzyme is used to convert a particular set of substrate, that is, a reactant, into particular products by following some specific
Oxidation reaction is a chemical reaction, which occurs when an atom loses one or more than one electron.
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Chapter 17 Solutions
Bundle: Biochemistry, Loose-leaf Version, 9th + Owlv2,1 Term Printed Access Card
- REFLECT AND APPLY The malate-aspartate shuttle yields about 2.5 moles of ATP for each mole of cytosolic NADH. Why does nature use the glycerol-phosphate shuttle, which yields only about 1.5 moles of ATP?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY The intermediates of glycolysis are phosphorylated, but those of the citric acid cycle are not. Suggest a reason why.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY The following half reactions play important roles in metabolism. 1/2O2+2H++2eH2ONADH+H+NAD++2H++2e Which of these two is a half reaction of oxidation? Which one is a half reaction of reduction? Write the equation for the overall re- action. Which reagent is the oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)? Which reagent is the reducing agent (electron donor)?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Comment on the fact that the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, is strongly exergonic (recall this from Chapter 15), even though the standard free-energy change for the half reaction Pyruvate+2H++2eLactate is positive (G=36.2kJmol1=8.8kcalmol1), indicating an endergonic reaction.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY What is the relationship between a transition-state analog and the induced-fit model of enzyme kinetics?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLLY Show, by a series of equations, the energetics of phosphorylation of ADP by phosphoenolpyruvate.arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Two biochemistry students are about to use mitochondria isolated from rat liver for an experiment on oxidative phosphorylation. The directions for the experiment specify addition of purified cytochrome c from any source to the reaction mixture. Why is the added cytochrome c needed? Why does the source not have to be the same as that of the mitochondria?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLLY What is the metabolic advantage in the conversion of glucose to lactate, in which there is no net oxidation or reduction?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY In the mitochondrion is a short-chain carnitine acyltransferase that can take acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA and transfer them to carnitine. How might this be related to lipid biosynthesis?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLLY What should be the net ATP yield for glycolysis when fructose, mannose, and galactose are used as the starting compounds? Justify your answer.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Why does the degradation of palmitic acid (see Question 12) to eight molecules of acetyl-CoA require seven, rather than eight, rounds of the -oxidation process?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY A model is proposed to explain the reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. Experimentally obtained rate data fit the model to within experimental error. Do these findings prove the model?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage Learning
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